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1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y. 2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ...... 3. Previous studies have reported ...... 4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ...... 5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with ....... 6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ...... 7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ...... 8. Recent evidence suggests that ....... 9. Several attemps have been made to ...... 10. A number of researchers have reported ...... 11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977). 12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....强调研究领域存在的问题
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ...... 2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ...... 3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks: 4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ...... 5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...... 6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use. 7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......强调研究领域存在的争议
1. To date there has been little agreement on what ...... 2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about ..... 3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ...... 4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...... 5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century. 6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ...... 7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......强调研究领域的知识差距
1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ...... 2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors ....... 3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ...... 4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......