在本教程中,我们将看到如何在Netty中实现HTTP / 2服务器和客户端。
Netty是基于NIO的客户端-服务器框架,它使Java开发人员能够在网络层上进行操作。使用此框架,开发人员可以构建自己的任何已知协议甚至自定义协议的实现。
服务器端
SelfSignedCertificate ssc = new SelfSignedCertificate();
SslContext sslCtx = SslContextBuilder.forServer(ssc.certificate(), ssc.privateKey())
.sslProvider(SslProvider.JDK)
.ciphers(Http2SecurityUtil.CIPHERS, SupportedCipherSuiteFilter.INSTANCE)
.applicationProtocolConfig(
new ApplicationProtocolConfig(Protocol.ALPN, SelectorFailureBehavior.NO_ADVERTISE,
SelectedListenerFailureBehavior.ACCEPT, ApplicationProtocolNames.HTTP_2))
.build();
在这里,我们使用JDK SSL提供程序为服务器创建了一个上下文,添加了两个密码,并为HTTP / 2配置了应用层协议协商。这意味着我们的服务器将仅支持HTTP / 2及其基础协议标识符h2。
接下来,我们需要一个ChannelInitializer用于我们的多路复用子通道,以便建立一个Netty管道。
我们将在此通道中使用较早的sslContext来启动管道,然后引导服务器:
public final class Http2Server {
static final int PORT = 8443;
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
SslContext sslCtx = // create sslContext as described aboveEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
b.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024);
b.group(group)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO))
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
if (sslCtx != null) {
ch.pipeline()
.addLast(sslCtx.newHandler(ch.alloc()), Http2Util.getServerAPNHandler());
}
}
});
Channel ch = b.bind(PORT).sync().channel();
logger.info("HTTP/2 Server is listening on https://127.0.0.1:"+ PORT + '/');
ch.closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
作为此通道初始化的一部分,我们在实用程序方法Http2Util中定义的实用程序方法getServerAPNHandler()中向管道添加了APN处理程序:
public static ApplicationProtocolNegotiationHandler getServerAPNHandler() {
ApplicationProtocolNegotiationHandler serverAPNHandler =
new ApplicationProtocolNegotiationHandler(ApplicationProtocolNames.HTTP_2) {
@Override
protected void configurePipeline(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, String protocol) throws Exception {
if (ApplicationProtocolNames.HTTP_2.equals(protocol)) {
ctx.pipeline().addLast(
Http2FrameCodecBuilder.forServer().build(), new Http2ServerResponseHandler());
return;
}
throw new IllegalStateException("Protocol: "+ protocol +" not supported");
}
};
return serverAPNHandler;
}
我们的自定义处理程序扩展了Netty的ChannelDuplexHandler,并充当服务器的入站和出站处理程序。它准备要发送给客户端的响应。
在io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf中定义一个静态Hello World响应 -首选的对象,该对象在Netty中读写字节:
static final ByteBuf RESPONSE_BYTES = Unpooled.unreleasableBuffer(
Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Hello World", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
该缓冲区将在处理程序的channelRead方法中设置为DATA帧,并写入ChannelHandlerContext中:
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
if (msg instanceof Http2HeadersFrame) {
Http2HeadersFrame msgHeader = (Http2HeadersFrame) msg;
if (msgHeader.isEndStream()) {
ByteBuf content = ctx.alloc().buffer();
content.writeBytes(RESPONSE_BYTES.duplicate());
Http2Headers headers = new DefaultHttp2Headers().status(HttpResponseStatus.OK.codeAsText());
ctx.write(new DefaultHttp2HeadersFrame(headers).stream(msgHeader.stream()));
ctx.write(new DefaultHttp2DataFrame(content, true).stream(msgHeader.stream()));
}
} else {
super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
}
}
我们的服务器已准备好发布Hello World。
为了进行快速测试,请启动服务器并使用–http2选项触发curl命令:
curl -k -v --http2 https://127.0.0.1:8443
客户端
接下来,让我们看一下客户端。当然,其目的是发送请求,然后处理从服务器获得的响应。
我们的客户端代码将包括几个处理程序,一个初始化器类(用于在管道中对其进行设置)以及最后一个JUnit测试,以引导客户端并将所有内容整合在一起。
让我们再次看看如何设置客户端的SslContext。我们将其编写为设置客户端JUnit的一部分:
@Before
public void setup() throws Exception {
SslContext sslCtx = SslContextBuilder.forClient()
.sslProvider(SslProvider.JDK)
.ciphers(Http2SecurityUtil.CIPHERS, SupportedCipherSuiteFilter.INSTANCE)
.trustManager(InsecureTrustManagerFactory.INSTANCE)
.applicationProtocolConfig(
new ApplicationProtocolConfig(Protocol.ALPN, SelectorFailureBehavior.NO_ADVERTISE,
SelectedListenerFailureBehavior.ACCEPT, ApplicationProtocolNames.HTTP_2))
.build();
}
如我们所见,它与服务器的S slContext非常相似,只是我们在这里没有提供任何SelfSignedCertificate。另一个区别是,我们添加了一个InsecureTrustManagerFactory来信任任何证书而无需任何验证。
重要的是,此信任管理器仅用于演示目的,不应在生产中使用。要改为使用可信证书,Netty的SslContextBuilder提供了许多替代方案。
现在,让我们看一下处理程序。
首先,我们需要一个称为Http2SettingsHandler的处理程序来处理HTTP / 2的设置。它扩展了Netty的SimpleChannelInboundHandler:
public class Http2SettingsHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler {
private final ChannelPromise promise;
// constructor@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Http2Settings msg) throws Exception {
promise.setSuccess();
ctx.pipeline().remove(this);
}
}
该类只是初始化ChannelPromise并将其标记为成功。
它还有一个实用程序方法awaitSettings,我们的客户端将使用该方法来等待初始握手完成:
public void awaitSettings(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws Exception {
if (!promise.awaitUninterruptibly(timeout, unit)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Timed out waiting for settings");
}
}
如果在规定的超时时间内没有发生通道读取,则抛出IllegalStateException。
其次,我们需要一个处理程序来处理从服务器获得的响应,我们将其命名为Http2ClientResponseHandler:
public class Http2ClientResponseHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler {
private final Map streamidMap;
// constructor}
此类还扩展了SimpleChannelInboundHandler,并声明了MapValues的streamidMap,它是我们Http2ClientResponseHandler的内部类:
public static class MapValues {
ChannelFuture writeFuture;
ChannelPromise promise;
// constructor and getters}
我们添加了此类,以便能够为给定的Integer键存储两个值。
处理程序还具有一个实用方法put,当然可以将值放入streamidMap中:
public MapValues put(int streamId, ChannelFuture writeFuture, ChannelPromise promise) {
return streamidMap.put(streamId, new MapValues(writeFuture, promise));
}
接下来,让我们看看在管道中读取通道时此处理程序的作用。
@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, FullHttpResponse msg) throws Exception {
Integer streamId = msg.headers().getInt(HttpConversionUtil.ExtensionHeaderNames.STREAM_ID.text());
if (streamId == null) {
logger.error("HttpResponseHandler unexpected message received: "+ msg);
return;
}
MapValues value = streamidMap.get(streamId);
if (value == null) {
logger.error("Message received for unknown stream id "+ streamId);
} else {
ByteBuf content = msg.content();
if (content.isReadable()) {
int contentLength = content.readableBytes();
byte[] arr = new byte[contentLength];
content.readBytes(arr);
logger.info(new String(arr, 0, contentLength, CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
}
value.getPromise().setSuccess();
}
}
在方法结束时,我们将ChannelPromise标记为成功以指示正确完成。
作为我们描述的第一个处理程序,此类还包含一个供客户端使用的实用程序方法。该方法使我们的事件循环等到ChannelPromise成功。或者换句话说,它等待直到响应处理完成:
public String awaitResponses(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
Iterator> itr = streamidMap.entrySet().iterator();
String response = null;
while (itr.hasNext()) {
Entry entry = itr.next();
ChannelFuture writeFuture = entry.getValue().getWriteFuture();
if (!writeFuture.awaitUninterruptibly(timeout, unit)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Timed out waiting to write for stream id "+ entry.getKey());
}
if (!writeFuture.isSuccess()) {
throw new RuntimeException(writeFuture.cause());
}
ChannelPromise promise = entry.getValue().getPromise();
if (!promise.awaitUninterruptibly(timeout, unit)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Timed out waiting for response on stream id "+ entry.getKey());
}
if (!promise.isSuccess()) {
throw new RuntimeException(promise.cause());
}
logger.info("---Stream id: "+ entry.getKey() +" received---");
response = entry.getValue().getResponse();
itr.remove();
}
return response;
}
Http2ClientInitializer正如我们在服务器中看到的那样,ChannelInitializer的目的是建立管道:
public class Http2ClientInitializer extends ChannelInitializer {
private final SslContext sslCtx;
private final int maxContentLength;
private Http2SettingsHandler settingsHandler;
private Http2ClientResponseHandler responseHandler;
private String host;
private int port;
// constructor@Override
public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
settingsHandler = new Http2SettingsHandler(ch.newPromise());
responseHandler = new Http2ClientResponseHandler();
if (sslCtx != null) {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
pipeline.addLast(sslCtx.newHandler(ch.alloc(), host, port));
pipeline.addLast(Http2Util.getClientAPNHandler(maxContentLength,
settingsHandler, responseHandler));
}
}// getters}
在这种情况下,我们将使用新的SslHandler启动管道,以在握手过程开始时添加TLS SNI扩展。
然后,由ApplicationProtocolNegotiationHandler负责在管道中排列连接处理程序和我们的自定义处理程序:
public static ApplicationProtocolNegotiationHandler getClientAPNHandler(
int maxContentLength, Http2SettingsHandler settingsHandler, Http2ClientResponseHandler responseHandler) {
final Http2FrameLogger logger = new Http2FrameLogger(INFO, Http2ClientInitializer.class);
final Http2Connection connection = new DefaultHttp2Connection(false);
HttpToHttp2ConnectionHandler connectionHandler =
new HttpToHttp2ConnectionHandlerBuilder().frameListener(
new DelegatingDecompressorFrameListener(connection,
new InboundHttp2ToHttpAdapterBuilder(connection)
.maxContentLength(maxContentLength)
.propagateSettings(true)
.build()))
.frameLogger(logger)
.connection(connection)
.build();
ApplicationProtocolNegotiationHandler clientAPNHandler =
new ApplicationProtocolNegotiationHandler(ApplicationProtocolNames.HTTP_2) {
@Override
protected void configurePipeline(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, String protocol) {
if (ApplicationProtocolNames.HTTP_2.equals(protocol)) {
ChannelPipeline p = ctx.pipeline();
p.addLast(connectionHandler);
p.addLast(settingsHandler, responseHandler);
return;
}
ctx.close();
throw new IllegalStateException("Protocol: "+ protocol +" not supported");
}
};
return clientAPNHandler;
}
客户端启动:我们需要添加更多功能来处理发送请求和接收响应。如前所述,我们将其编写为JUnit测试:
@Test
public void whenRequestSent_thenHelloWorldReceived() throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
Http2ClientInitializer initializer = new Http2ClientInitializer(sslCtx, Integer.MAX_VALUE, HOST, PORT);
try {
Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
b.group(workerGroup);
b.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
b.option(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true);
b.remoteAddress(HOST, PORT);
b.handler(initializer);
channel = b.connect().syncUninterruptibly().channel();
logger.info("Connected to ["+ HOST + ':' + PORT + ']');
Http2SettingsHandler http2SettingsHandler = initializer.getSettingsHandler();
http2SettingsHandler.awaitSettings(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
logger.info("Sending request(s)...");
FullHttpRequest request = Http2Util.createGetRequest(HOST, PORT);
Http2ClientResponseHandler responseHandler = initializer.getResponseHandler();
int streamId = 3;
responseHandler.put(streamId, channel.write(request), channel.newPromise());
channel.flush();
String response = responseHandler.awaitResponses(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
assertEquals("Hello World", response);
logger.info("Finished HTTP/2 request(s)");
} finally {
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
值得注意的是,虽然类似服务器引导程序,下面采取的额外步骤:
首先,我们使用Http2SettingsHandler的awaitSettings方法等待初始握手。
其次,我们将请求创建为FullHttpRequest
第三,将streamId放入Http2ClientResponseHandler的streamIdMap中,并调用其awaitResponses方法
最后,我们验证了在回应中确实获得了Hello World
简而言之,这就是发生的情况–客户端发送了HEADERS帧,发生了初始SSL握手,服务器发送了HEADERS和DATA帧中的响应。
我们希望Netty API在将来能够处理HTTP / 2框架方面有更多改进,因为它仍在开发中。
与往常一样,源代码可以在GitHub上获得。