计算机量子物理学,Quantum physics and computers：（量子物理学和计算机）.pdf

Quantum physics and computers：(量子物理学和计算机)

Quantum Physics and Computers

Adriano Barenco

Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford

Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom

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1 Abstract

c Recent theoretical results confirm that quantum theory provides the possibil-

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D ity of new ways of performing efficient calculations. The most striking example

is the factoring problem. It has recently been shown that computers that exploit

3 quantum features could factor large composite integers. This task is believed

to be out of reach of classical computers as soon as the number of digits in

2 the number to factor exceeds a certain limit. The additional power of quantum

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4 computers comes from the possibility of employing a superposition of states,

1 of following many distinct computation paths and of producing a final output

0 that depends on the interference of all of them. This “quantum parallelism”

2 outstrips by far any parallelism that can be thought of in classical computation

1 and is responsible for the “exponential” speed-up of computation.

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9 Experimentally, however, it will be extremely difficult to “decouple” a quan-

/ tum computer from its environment. Noise fluctuations due to the outside world,

h no matter how little, are sufficient to drastically reduce the performance of these

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- new computing devices. To control the nefarious effects of this environmental

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