python怎么安装模块-Installing Python Modules

Installing Python Modules¶

As a popular open source development project, Python has an active

supporting community of contributors and users that also make their software

available for other Python developers to use under open source license terms.

This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefiting

from the solutions others have already created to common (and sometimes

even rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their own

solutions to the common pool.

This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide to

creating and sharing your own Python projects, refer to the

distribution guide.

Note

For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that many

organisations have their own policies around using and contributing to

open source software. Please take such policies into account when making

use of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.

Key terms¶

pip is the preferred installer program. Starting with Python 3.4, it

is included by default with the Python binary installers.

A virtual environment is a semi-isolated Python environment that allows

packages to be installed for use by a particular application, rather than

being installed system wide.

venv is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and has

been part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting with Python 3.4, it

defaults to installing pip into all created virtual environments.

virtualenv is a third party alternative (and predecessor) to

venv. It allows virtual environments to be used on versions of

Python prior to 3.4, which either don’t provide venv at all, or

aren’t able to automatically install pip into created environments.

The Python Packaging Index is a public

repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by

other Python users.

the Python Packaging Authority is the group of

developers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance and

evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and

file format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,

and issue trackers on both GitHub and

Bitbucket.

distutils is the original build and distribution system first added to

the Python standard library in 1998. While direct use of distutils is

being phased out, it still laid the foundation for the current packaging

and distribution infrastructure, and it not only remains part of the

standard library, but its name lives on in other ways (such as the name

of the mailing list used to coordinate Python packaging standards

development).

Changed in version 3.5:The use of venv is now recommended for creating virtual environments.

Basic usage¶

The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the command

line.

The following command will install the latest version of a module and its

dependencies from the Python Packaging Index:

python -m pip install SomePackage

Note

For POSIX users (including Mac OS X and Linux users), the examples in

this guide assume the use of a virtual environment.

For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option to

adjust the system PATH environment variable was selected when installing

Python.

It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on the

command line. When using comparator operators such as >, < or some other

special character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and the

version should be enclosed within double quotes:

python -m pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 # specific version

python -m pip install "SomePackage>=1.0.4" # minimum version

Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to install

it again will have no effect. Upgrading existing modules must be requested

explicitly:

python -m pip install --upgrade SomePackage

More information and resources regarding pip and its capabilities can be

found in the Python Packaging User Guide.

Creation of virtual environments is done through the venv module.

Installing packages into an active virtual environment uses the commands shown

above.

How do I …?¶

These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.

… install pip in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?¶

Python only started bundling pip with Python 3.4. For earlier versions,

pip needs to be “bootstrapped” as described in the Python Packaging

User Guide.

… install packages just for the current user?¶

Passing the --user option to python -m pip install will install a

package just for the current user, rather than for all users of the system.

… install scientific Python packages?¶

A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, and

aren’t currently easy to install using pip directly. At this point in

time, it will often be easier for users to install these packages by

other means

rather than attempting to install them with pip.

… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?¶

On Linux, Mac OS X, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commands

in combination with the -m switch to run the appropriate copy of

pip:

python2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2

python2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7

python3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3

python3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4

Appropriately versioned pip commands may also be available.

On Windows, use the py Python launcher in combination with the -m

switch:

py -2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2

py -2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7

py -3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3

py -3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4

Common installation issues¶

Installing into the system Python on Linux¶

On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as part

of the distribution. Installing into this Python installation requires

root access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of the

system package manager and other components of the system if a component

is unexpectedly upgraded using pip.

On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or a

per-user installation when installing packages with pip.

Pip not installed¶

It is possible that pip does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:

python -m ensurepip --default-pip

There are also additional resources for installing pip.

Installing binary extensions¶

Python has typically relied heavily on source based distribution, with end

users being expected to compile extension modules from source as part of

the installation process.

With the introduction of support for the binary wheel format, and the

ability to publish wheels for at least Windows and Mac OS X through the

Python Packaging Index, this problem is expected to diminish over time,

as users are more regularly able to install pre-built extensions rather

than needing to build them themselves.

Some of the solutions for installing scientific software

that are not yet available as pre-built wheel files may also help with

obtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.