哪些大脑秘密，只有神经学家懂（翻译）

What are some brain hacks that a neuroscientist or a psychologist knows that most people don’t?
有什么用脑秘诀是大多数人不知道而神经学家或心理学家知道的吗？

The Psychology of Persuasion

说服心理。
Everyone has to engage in some form of persuasion throughout most of their life. Whether you are deciding with friends where to eat lunch or convincing a boss you deserve a promotion, you can always benefit from knowing the secrets of persuasion.
每个人一生中大部分都必须要以某种形式去说服别人。不论你是决定与朋友去哪里吃饭还是使老板让你升职，知道说服的秘密总能给你带来好处。
In Dr. Robert Cialdini’s bestselling book “Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, ” what he found was : Behavior is heavily influenced by unconscious psychological factors. These psychologiacl factors can be identified and utilized. If used correctly, people have no idea that they are being manipulated
在Robert Cialdini博士畅销书《影响：说服心理》说到，无意识的心理因素对我们的行为影响很大。这些心理因素可以被证明并加以利用。如果使用得当，人们将意识不到他们被控制着。

Reciprocity ##

相互作用
Free samples. Have you ever seen free samples being handed out in grocery stores or while walking down the street? Rset assured they aren’t doing this out of the kindness of their hearts. Studies have shown a dramatic increase in efficacy of marketing tactics if they are preceded by a “gift” which triggers a natural feeling of debt in the target.
免费的样品。当你在杂货店或走在街上时是否见过有人分发免费的样品？他们这样做肯定不是处于好心。研究表明，如果卖东西之前分发“礼物”，会激发目标人群的自然的欠债心理，使得营销效果有一个戏剧性的提高。

Consistency

一致性
An amazingly powerful concept. People will go to extraordinary lengths without even realizing it, just to remain consistent with their past actions and belifs. This principle is especially significant if past behavior is public or written down, in which case it can’t be denied.
一个影响力惊人的概念。人们会不经思考地尽很大的努力去保持以往的行为和信念。如果过去的行为被公开或者记录下来无法否认，这个规则就显得特别重要。

Social proof

社交证明
Why are there those laugh silly laugh tracks on sit com TV shows? Because they work! People are extremely susceptible to the opinions of others, even when obviously false.
为什么在情景喜剧中会有哪些傻笑的背景？因为它有作用。人们很容易受其他人的观点影响，甚至明显是错误的也如此。

Authority

权威
In the aftermath of World War II and the atrocities committed by many seemingly normal Nazi commanders, greater attention was focused on the nature of authority in fluencing people’s behavior. It turns out, authority is one of the most powerful effects yet discovered.
二战后，在许多外表看似正常的纳粹长官犯下罪行中，权威对人们行为的影响引起了更大的关注。结果证明，权威是目前发现最有影响力的事物之一。

Liking

喜欢
We all know that we are more likely to respond to a request from somebody we like than from somebody we dislike. But how much further does this feeling go? Appearently, a lot further!
我们都知道比起不喜欢的人，我们更愿意向向喜欢的人的请求做出回应。
但两种感觉造成的差距有多大呢？很明显，天壤之别。

Scarcity

短缺
One of the most fundamental attributes of persuasion, salespeople have been using the concept of scarcity for a very long time(ever hear or see the phrase “limited time only”)? This one is also of interest to the relatively new field of behavioral economics.
这是说服的基本特性之一。销售人员已经使用短缺的概念很长时间了（是否曾经听过这句短语“时间有限”）？这个理念对于新兴领域行为经济学也是很有趣的。
Memory consolidation and productivity can both be improved by taking breaks.
记忆力的增强和工作能力都可以通过休息来提高。
Memory consolidation:
增强记忆力：
Tambini et al. recently showed that resting your brain after learning is very important in memory consolidation. During rest the hippocampus is able to transfer information to the cortex to be stored. The brain cannot do this very effectively if you do not take breaks.
Tambini el al最近表明在学习之后让大脑进行休息对加强记忆很重要。在休息期间，海马体能够转移信息到大脑皮层进行存储。如果你没有休息，大脑将不能有效率地进行这一过程。

Productivity

工作能力
It is suggested that you work in 60-90 minute intervals and then take a break. Ericsson et al. conducted a very interesting study looking at elite and average violin players and how much they practiced. They found that the elite players practiced for about the same amount of time as the good players per day. Howerer, the elite players would practice very hard for no more than 90 minutes and then take breaks and even naps in between while the average players would practice throughout the day but with less focus.
建议每工作60至90分钟就休息一会。Ericsson et al. 进行了一个非常有趣的研究。他观察了优秀的和普通的小提琴手演奏家他们花费多少时间来练习。他们发现优秀的演奏家和普通的演奏家每天所花的时间是一样的。然而，优秀的演奏家每天每次联系不会超过90分钟，之后休息一下甚至打个盹儿。而普通的演奏家整天一直联系，却注意力不是很集中。
The world is so full of creeping dementia that forgetting feels ominous. If learning is building up skills and knowledge, then forgetting is losing some of what was gained. It seems like the enemy of learning. It’s not. The truth is nearly the opposite.
世界上有太多反应慢的痴呆，让我们感觉遗忘是不好的。如果学习是获取技巧和知识，那么遗忘是忘记我们已经得到的东西。这似乎我们学习的敌人。其实不然，事实几乎是相反的。
One upside of forgetting is that it is nature’s most sophisiticated spam filter. It’s what allows the brain to focus, enabling sought-after facts to pop to mind.
遗忘的好处是就是它是自然中最复杂的过滤器。这使我们能够去集中注意力，能够找到我们最想要的信息。
We engage in this kind of focused forgetting all the time without giving it much thought. To lock in a new computer password, we must block the old one from coming to mind; to absorb a new language, we must hold off the corresponding words in our native tongue.
我们一直在进行这种集中注意力的遗忘却不自知。用新的电脑密码，我们必须忘记旧的哪一个；去学习一门新的语言，我们必须不去想在母语中相同意思的词。
As the 19th century American psychologist William James observed: if we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as if ill off as we remembered nothing.
正如19世纪的美国心理学家William James所观察到的：如果我们记住了所以事情，我们在大多数场合下像什么都没有记住一样。