数据结构入门-2-栈和队列

Stack

• 栈也是一钟线性结构
• 相对于数组,栈对应的操作是数组的子集
• 只能从栈顶添加元素,也只能从栈顶取出取出元素
  
• 后进先出(LIFO)
• 作用强大
  

栈的实现

ArrayStack.java

public class ArrayStack<E> implements Stack<E> {

    private Array<E> array;

    public ArrayStack(int capacity){
        array = new Array<>(capacity);
    }

    public ArrayStack(){
        array = new Array<>();
    }

    @Override
    public int getSize(){
        return array.getSize();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty(){
        return array.isEmpty();
    }

    public int getCapacity(){
        return array.getCapacity();
    }

    @Override
    public void push(E e){
        array.addLast(e);
    }

    @Override
    public E pop(){
        return array.removeLast();
    }

    @Override
    public E peek(){
        return array.getLast();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString(){
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        res.append("Stack: ");
        res.append('[');
        for(int i = 0 ; i < array.getSize() ; i ++){
            res.append(array.get(i));
            if(i != array.getSize() - 1)
                res.append(", ");
        }
        res.append("] top");
        return res.toString();
    }
}

Stack.java

public interface Stack<E> {

    int getSize();
    boolean isEmpty();
    void push(E e);
    E pop();
    E peek();
}

20 [] () {} 判断, 并在本地main函数测试

import java.util.Stack;

class Solution {

    public boolean isValid(String s) {

        Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<>();
        for(int i = 0 ; i < s.length() ; i ++){
            char c = s.charAt(i);
            if(c == '(' || c == '[' || c == '{')
                stack.push(c);
            else{
                if(stack.isEmpty())
                    return false;

                char topChar = stack.pop();
                if(c == ')' && topChar != '(')
                    return false;
                if(c == ']' && topChar != '[')
                    return false;
                if(c == '}' && topChar != '{')
                    return false;
            }
        }
        return stack.isEmpty();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        System.out.println((new Solution()).isValid("()[]{}"));
        System.out.println((new Solution()).isValid("([)]"));
    }
}

Queue 队列

数组队列

• 队列也是一种线性结构
• 相比数组,队列对应的操作是数组的子集
• 只能从一端(队尾)添加元素,只能从队首取出元素
  
  FIFO 先进先出
  队列的实现
  
  ArrayQueue.java

public class ArrayQueue<E> implements Queue<E> {

    private Array<E> array;

    public ArrayQueue(int capacity){
        array = new Array<>(capacity);
    }

    public ArrayQueue(){
        array = new Array<>();
    }

    @Override
    public int getSize(){
        return array.getSize();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty(){
        return array.isEmpty();
    }

    public int getCapacity(){
        return array.getCapacity();
    }

    @Override
    public void enqueue(E e){
        array.addLast(e);
    }

    @Override
    public E dequeue(){
        return array.removeFirst();
    }

    @Override
    public E getFront(){
        return array.getFirst();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString(){
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        res.append("Queue: ");
        res.append("front [");
        for(int i = 0 ; i < array.getSize() ; i ++){
            res.append(array.get(i));
            if(i != array.getSize() - 1)
                res.append(", ");
        }
        res.append("] tail");
        return res.toString();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        ArrayQueue<Integer> queue = new ArrayQueue<>();
        for(int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++){
            queue.enqueue(i);
            System.out.println(queue);
            if(i % 3 == 2){
                queue.dequeue();
                System.out.println(queue);
            }
        }
    }
}

数据队列的局限性

删除时 时间复杂度为O(n)

循环队列

front == tail 队列为空

入队

// tail +１　＝＝　front 队列慢
(tail + 1 ) % c == front 队列满

capacity中,浪费了一个空间

出队

public class LoopQueue<E> implements Queue<E> {

    private E[] data;
    private int front, tail;
    private int size;  // 有兴趣的同学，在完成这一章后，可以思考一下：
                       // LoopQueue中不声明size，如何完成所有的逻辑？
                       // 这个问题可能会比大家想象的要难一点点：）

    public LoopQueue(int capacity){
        data = (E[])new Object[capacity + 1];
        front = 0;
        tail = 0;
        size = 0;
    }

    public LoopQueue(){
        this(10);
    }

    public int getCapacity(){
        return data.length - 1;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty(){
        return front == tail;
    }

    @Override
    public int getSize(){
        return size;
    }

    @Override
    public void enqueue(E e){

        if((tail + 1) % data.length == front)
            resize(getCapacity() * 2);

        data[tail] = e;
        tail = (tail + 1) % data.length;
        size ++;
    }

    @Override
    public E dequeue(){

        if(isEmpty())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot dequeue from an empty queue.");

        E ret = data[front];
        data[front] = null;
        front = (front + 1) % data.length;
        size --;
        if(size == getCapacity() / 4 && getCapacity() / 2 != 0)
            resize(getCapacity() / 2);
        return ret;
    }

    @Override
    public E getFront(){
        if(isEmpty())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Queue is empty.");
        return data[front];
    }

    private void resize(int newCapacity){

        E[] newData = (E[])new Object[newCapacity + 1];
        for(int i = 0 ; i < size ; i ++)
            newData[i] = data[(i + front) % data.length];

        data = newData;
        front = 0;
        tail = size;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString(){

        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        res.append(String.format("Queue: size = %d , capacity = %d\n", size, getCapacity()));
        res.append("front [");
        for(int i = front ; i != tail ; i = (i + 1) % data.length){
            res.append(data[i]);
            if((i + 1) % data.length != tail)
                res.append(", ");
        }
        res.append("] tail");
        return res.toString();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args){

        LoopQueue<Integer> queue = new LoopQueue<>();
        for(int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++){
            queue.enqueue(i);
            System.out.println(queue);

            if(i % 3 == 2){
                queue.dequeue();
                System.out.println(queue);
            }
        }
    }
}