dml语句包括哪些_SQL | DDL, DML, TCL and DCL

SQL命令按照上图分为四类，DDL，DML，DCL，TCL

DDL (Data Definition Language) :

DDL用于定义 数据库的结构或schema，DDL也用于指定数据额外的属性。

数据存入数据库必须满足特定的一致性约束 consistency constraints

比如，假设大学要求账户余额不能为负数，DDL提供这种能力来指定这种约束。

数据库会在每次数据更新的时候来检查这些约束。

命令包括

CREATE : to create objects in database
ALTER : alters the structure of database
DROP : delete objects from database
RENAME : rename an objects

DML (Data Manipulation Language) :

DML语句又分为两类

声明式(Declarative DMLs)和过程式(Procedural DMLs)

过程式DML 需要指定获取哪些数据 以及如何获取

声明式DML只需要指定要获取哪些数据，不用管如何获取。

命令包括

SELECT: retrieve data from the database
INSERT: insert data into a table
UPDATE: update existing data within a table
DELETE: deletes all records from a table, space for the records remain

TCL (Transaction Control Language) :

事务控制语言用于管理数据库的事务

命令包括

COMMIT: Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction
            into the database.
ROLLBACK: This command restores the database to last committed state.
            It is also used with savepoint command to jump to a savepoint
            in a transaction.
SAVEPOINT: Savepoint command is used to temporarily save a transaction so
            that you can rollback to that point whenever necessary.

DCL (Data Control Language) :

命令如：

GRANT: allow specified users to perform specified tasks.
REVOKE: cancel previously granted or denied permissions.