我对Oracle RMAN备份的理解
整体原则:先备份应该备份的内容,然后在此基础上进行备份的优化。为了干好这些必须掌握一些RMAN备份的基本技巧和查询等语句。
首先备份应该备份的内容:
Rman>backup database; //备份了所有的数据文件、控制文件和初始化参数文件
Rman>backup current controlfile;
Rman>backkup archivelog all;
此时已备份了所有需要的内容,接下来就是对该备份进行优化。
优化:
首先可以为以上每条命令所生成的文件定义格式:
Rman>backup database format ‘d:backupdb_%F’;
Rman>backup current controlfile format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
Rman>backup archivelog all format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
接下来可以把以上三条命令放入run中进行批处理执行:
Run{
#backup
database
backup
database format ‘d:backupdb_%F’;
#bacup
ctlfile
backup
current controlfile format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
#backup
arclog
backup
archivelog all format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
}
为每条命令增加通道和指定备份介质:
run{
#backup
database
allocate
channel ch_db device type disk format ‘d:backupdb_%F’;
backup
database;
release
channel ch_db;
#bacup
ctlfile
allocate
channel ch_ctl device type disk format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
backup
current controlfile;
release
channel ch_ctl;
#backup
arclog
allocate
channel ch_arc device type disk format ‘d:backuparc_%F’;
backup
archivelog all delete input;
release
channel ch_arc;
}
紧接着可以对每个备份集进行一些细微的优化,如在备份归档日志文件时自动删除已备份的归档日志、每个备份集最多允许的文件个数、每个备份集的大小、每个备份片的大小,其中备份片的大小可能与备份介质的容量有关,比如备份到磁带机则应考虑该参数:
run{
#backup
database
allocate
channel ch_db device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backupdb_%F’;
backup
filesperset 5 database;
release
channel ch_db;
#bacup
ctlfile
allocate
channel ch_ctl device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
backup
current controlfile;
release
channel ch_ctl;
#backup
arclog
allocate
channel ch_arc device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backuparc_%F’;
backup
filesperset 20 archivelog al;
release
channel ch_arc;
}
进一步的优化可以是对RMAN备份参数的一些设定,如开启控制文件的自动备份,配置备份保留策略并检查:
Rman>configure controlfile autobackup
on;
Rman>configure controlfile autobackup format for
device type disk to ‘d:backupautobk_ctl_%F’;
Rman>configure retention policy to
recovery window of 30 days;
增加一些对过期文件生成的检查和删除命令,并将以下内容保存至db_fullbk.rman文件:
run{
#backup
database
allocate
channel ch_db device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backupdb_%F’;
backup
filesperset 5 database;
release channel
ch_db;
#bacup
ctlfile
allocate
channel ch_ctl device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
backup
current controlfile;
release
channel ch_ctl;
#backup
arclog
allocate
channel ch_arc device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backuparc_%F’;
backup
filesperset 20 archivelog al;
release
channel ch_arc;
}
allocate channel for maintenance device
type disk;
crosscheck backupset;
delete obsolete;
至此,用RMAN对数据库进行全备份的命令就已经准备完成。接下来将准备增量备份的命令,其实就是在全部命令的基础上增加了incremental level=1的设置,并将以下内容保存成db_incbk.rman文件:
run{
#backup
database
allocate
channel ch_db device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backupdb_%F’;
backup
incremental level=1 filesperset 5 database;
release
channel ch_db;
#bacup
ctlfile
allocate
channel ch_ctl device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backupctl_%F’;
backup
current controlfile;
release
channel ch_ctl;
#backup
arclog
allocate
channel ch_arc device type disk maxpiecesize=100m format ‘d:backuparc_%F’;
backup
filesperset 20 archivelog al;
release
channel ch_arc;
}
allocate channel for maintenance device
type disk;
crosscheck backupset;
delete obsolete;
到目前为止,全备和增量备份的执行脚本都已准备完成,接下来就是利用操作系统来定时调用两个脚本:
(似乎)也可以在Oracle EM中进行备份调度的设置:
如果还要进行更好的优化,可以建立恢复目录,将RMAN的备份信息记录到恢复目录中去:
最后就是需要掌握一些维护RMAN的命令和相关的动态性能视图:[@more@]