python3 100例详解-Python3笔记：列表方法详解

1 使用[]或者list()创建列表

user = []

user = list()

2 使用list()可以将其他类型转换成列表

# 将字符串转成列表

>>> list("abcde")

["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

# 将元祖转成列表

>>> list(("a","b","c"))

["a", "b", "c"]

3 使用[offset]获取元素 或 修改元素

>>> users = ["a","b","c","d","e"]

# 可以使用整数来获取某个元素

>>> users[0]

"a"

# 可以使用负整数来表示从尾部获取某个元素

>>> users[-1]

"e"

# 数组越界会报错

>>> users[100]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: list index out of range

>>> users[-100]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: list index out of range

# 修改某个元素

>>> users[0] = "wdd"

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

>>>

4 列表切片与提取元素

列表的切片或者提取之后仍然是一个列表

形式如：list[start:end:step]

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

# 正常截取 注意这里并不会截取到users[2]

>>> users[0:2]

["wdd", "b"]

# 也可从尾部截取

>>> users[0:-2]

["wdd", "b", "c"]

# 这样可以获取所有的元素

>>> users[:]

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

# 也可以加上步长参数

>>> users[0:4:2]

["wdd", "c"]

# 也可以通过这种方式去将列表取反

>>> users[::-1]

["e", "d", "c", "b", "wdd"]

# 注意切片时，偏移量可以越界，越界之后不会报错，仍然按照界限来处理 例如开始偏移量如果小于0，那么仍然会按照0去计算。

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

>>> users[-100:3]

["wdd", "b", "c"]

>>> users[-100:100]

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

>>>

5 使用append()添加元素至尾部

形式如：list.append(item)

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

>>> users.append("ddw")

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw"]

6 使用extend()或+=合并列表

形式如：list1.extend(list2)

这两个方法都会直接修改原列表

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw"]

>>> names

["heihei", "haha"]

>>> users.extend(names)

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha"]

>>> users += names

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "haha"]

7 使用insert()在指定位置插入元素

形式如：list.insert(offset, item)

insert也不存在越界的问题，偏移量正负都行，越界之后会自动伸缩到界限之内，并不会报错

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "haha"]

>>> users.insert(0,"xiaoxiao")

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "haha"]

>>> users.insert(-1,"-xiaoxiao")

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

# 下面-100肯定越界了

>>> users.insert(-100,"-xiaoxiao")

>>> users

["-xiaoxiao", "xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

# 下面100也是越界了

>>> users.insert(100,"-xiaoxiao")

>>> users

["-xiaoxiao", "xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha", "-xiaoxiao"]

8 使用del删除某个元素

形式如：del list[offset]

del是python的语句，而不是列表的方法，del删除不存在的元素时，也会提示越界

>>> users

["-xiaoxiao", "xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha", "-xiaoxiao"]

>>> del users[0]

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha", "-xiaoxiao"]

>>> del users[100]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: list assignment index out of range

>>> del users[-100]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: list assignment index out of range

9 使用remove删除具有指定值的元素

形式如：list.remove(value)

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "c", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha", "-xiaoxiao"]

# 删除指定值"c"

>>> users.remove("c")

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "haha", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha", "-xiaoxiao"]

# 删除不存在的值会报错

>>> users.remove("alsdkfjalsdf")

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list

# 如果该值存在多个，那么只能删除到第一个

>>> users.remove("haha")

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha", "-xiaoxiao"]

10 使用pop()方式返回某个元素后，并在数组里删除它

形式如：list.pop(offset=-1) 偏移量默认等于-1，也就是删除最后的元素

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha", "-xiaoxiao"]

# 删除最后的元素

>>> users.pop()

"-xiaoxiao"

>>> users

["xiaoxiao", "wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

# 如果列表本身就是空的，那么pop时会报错

>>> user.pop(0)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: pop from empty list

>>> users.pop(0)

"xiaoxiao"

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

# 越界时也会报错

>>> users.pop(100)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

IndexError: pop index out of range

11 使用index()查询具有特定值的元素位置

形式如：list.index(value)

# index只会返回第一遇到该值得位置

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

>>> users.index("heihei")

5

# 如果该值不存在，也会报错

>>> users.index("laksdf")

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

ValueError: "laksdf" is not in list

12 使用in判断值是否存在列表

形式如：value in list

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

>>> "wdd" in users

True

13 使用count()记录特定值出现的次数

形式如：list.count(value)

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

>>> users.count("heihei")

2

>>> users.count("h")

0

14 使用join()将列表转为字符串

形式如：string.join(list)

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

>>> ",".join(users)

"wdd,b,d,e,ddw,heihei,heihei,-xiaoxiao,haha"

>>> user

[]

>>> ",".join(user)

""

15 使用sort()重新排列列表元素

形式如：list.sort()

>>> users

["wdd", "b", "d", "e", "ddw", "heihei", "heihei", "-xiaoxiao", "haha"]

# 默认是升序排序

>>> users.sort()

>>> users

["-xiaoxiao", "b", "d", "ddw", "e", "haha", "heihei", "heihei", "wdd"]

# 加入reverse=True, 可以降序排序

>>> users.sort(reverse=True)

>>> users

["wdd", "heihei", "heihei", "haha", "e", "ddw", "d", "b", "-xiaoxiao"]

# 通过匿名函数，传入函数进行自定义排序

>>> students

[{"name": "wdd", "age": 343}, {"name": "ddw", "age": 43}, {"name": "jik", "age": 90}]

>>> students.sort(key=lambda item: item["age"])

>>> students

[{"name": "ddw", "age": 43}, {"name": "jik", "age": 90}, {"name": "wdd", "age": 343}]

>>> students.sort(key=lambda item: item["age"], reverse=True)

>>> students

[{"name": "wdd", "age": 343}, {"name": "jik", "age": 90}, {"name": "ddw", "age": 43}]

>>>

16 使用reverse()将列表翻转

形式如：list.reverse()

>>> users

["wdd", "heihei", "heihei", "haha", "e", "ddw", "d", "b", "-xiaoxiao"]

>>> users.reverse()

>>> users

["-xiaoxiao", "b", "d", "ddw", "e", "haha", "heihei", "heihei", "wdd"]

17 使用copy()复制列表

形式如：list2 = list1.copy()

list2 = list1 这种并不是列表的复制，只是给列表起了别名。实际上还是指向同一个值。

>>> users

["-xiaoxiao", "b", "d", "ddw", "e", "haha", "heihei", "heihei", "wdd"]

>>> users2 = users.copy()

>>> users2

["-xiaoxiao", "b", "d", "ddw", "e", "haha", "heihei", "heihei", "wdd"]

>>>

18 使用clear()清空列表

形式如： list.clear()

>>> users2

["-xiaoxiao", "b", "d", "ddw", "e", "haha", "heihei", "heihei", "wdd"]

>>> users2.clear()

>>> users2

[]

19 使用len()获取列表长度

形式如：len(list)

>>> users

["-xiaoxiao", "b", "d", "ddw", "e", "haha", "heihei", "heihei", "wdd"]

>>> len(users)

9

20 关于列表越界的深入思考

写了这些方法后，我有一些疑问，为什么有些操作会提示越界，有些则不会呢？

会提示偏移量越界的操作有

list[offset] 读取或者修改某个元素

del list[offset] 删除指定位置的元素

list.remove(value) 删除指定值的元素

list.pop(offset) 删除指定位置的元素

如果偏移量越界，这些方法会报错的。我的个人理解是:

假如我想读取偏移量为10的元素，但是该元素并不存在，如果系统自动给你读取了列表的最后一个元素，而且不报错，这是无法容忍的bug。 如果我想删除第10个元素，但是第10个元素并不存在，而系统帮你删除了列表的最后一个元素，我觉得这也是无法容忍的。

所以在使用这些方法时，务必确认该偏移量的元素是否存，否则可能会报错。