取向：
我创建了以下函数以允许用户将乌龟更改为他/她选择的图像，然后在任何时候将其标记到画布：
def TurtleShape():
try:
# Tkinter buttons related to turtle manipulation
manipulateimage.config(state = NORMAL)
flipButton.config(state = NORMAL)
mirrorButton.config(state = NORMAL)
originalButton.config(state = NORMAL)
resetturtle.config(state = NORMAL)
rotateButton.config(state = NORMAL)
# Ask user for file name from tkinter file dialog, and return file name as `klob`
global klob
klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
global im
# Open `klob` and return as `im`
im = Image.open(klob)
# Append `im` to pictures deque
pictures.append(im)
# Clear `edited` deque
edited.clear()
# Save `im` as an image, then register image as shape, and finally set image as turtle shape
im.save(klob + '.gif', "GIF")
register_shape(klob + '.gif')
shape(klob + '.gif')
update()
except:
# If user selects cancel in file dialog, then pass
pass
def StampPic():
stamp()
draw_space() # Go forward 100 pixels with pen up after every stamp
update()
图像也可以通过以下其他功能操作给用户选择：
调整大小功能 - 此功能可用作第一或第二功能。 首先意味着它最初被调用，而次要意味着它编辑已编辑的图像。 因此，如果仅首先调用此函数，则此函数将附加到pictures deque的pictures ，调整其大小，并将编辑后的图像输出为.gif图像，这将是乌龟的新形状。 但是，如果连续调用两次或更多次，由于多次调整同一图片大小会导致图像失真的问题，我不得不创建另一个deque jiop ，它可以保存pictures双端的原始项目，每当此函数连续多次调用，每次调整原始图像的大小，而不是每次调整相同的图像。 但是，如果仅作为辅助函数调用，则该函数将简单地从edited双端队列中获取当前图像，调整该图像的大小，然后将其设置为乌龟的新形状：
def TurtleImageResize():
if not hasattr(TurtleImageResize, "counter"):
TurtleImageResize.counter = 0
TurtleImageResize.counter += 1
# width = original size of image
width = im.size[0]
# height = original height of image
height = im.size[1]
# Allow user to enter new width for image
NewOne2 = numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval = 1)
# Allow user to enter new height for image
NewOne = numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval = 1)
# Set width to user input if user input is NOT nothing. Otherwise, use `width` as picture width.
Picwidth = NewOne2 if NewOne2 != None else width
# Set height to user input if user input is NOT None. Otherwise, use `height` as picture height.
Picheight = NewOne if NewOne != None else height
try:
# Secondary Step: Take ORIGINAL image appended to `jiop` (from `except:` code block succeeding `try:` code block) and resize THAT image each time this function is called twice in a row. Otherwise, if ONLY called as a secondary step, take previously edited image from `edited` deque, resize that, and append newly edited image to the `edited` deque.
try:
# `jiop` is a deque
hye = jiop.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
print("Jiop")
except:
hye = edited.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
print("Edited")
# Resize Image to Picwidth and Picheight
editpic = hye.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
edited.append(editpic)
print("Hooplah!")
except:
# Intial step: Take image appended to `pictures` deque from `TurtleShape` function, then edit that and append newly edited image to both `editpic` and `pictures`
geer = pictures.pop()
# Resize Image to Picwidth and Picheight
editpic = geer.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
jiop.append(geer)
edited.append(editpic)
pictures.append(editpic)
print("Normal")
# Save image as `.gif`
editpic.save(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif', 'GIF')
# Register image as a shape, and use it as shape of turtle
register_shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
update()
翻转，旋转和镜像功能 - 这些功能比上面的调整大小功能更简单。 如果最初调用它们，它们将从pictures双端队列中获取图像，操纵它，将编辑后的图像附加到edited双端队列，然后将乌龟“形状”更改为该新图像。 但是，如果调用第二个，它们将从edited双端队列中获取图像，操纵它，将操纵的图像重新附加回edited双端队列，然后将其设置为乌龟的新“形状”。 这些功能如下所示：
def flippic():
if not hasattr(flippic, "counter"):
flippic.counter = 0
flippic.counter += 1
try:
# Secondary step: Take previously edited image from `edited` deque, manipulate that, and append newly edited image to the `edited` deque
jiop.clear()
ghy = edited.pop()
# Flip image over horizontal line
kpl = ImageOps.flip(ghy)
edited.append(kpl)
print("Jlop")
except:
# Initial step: Take image appended to `pictures` deque from `TurtleShape` function, then edit that and append newly edited image to both `editpic` and `pictures`
neer = pictures.pop()
# Flip image over horizontal line
kpl = ImageOps.flip(neer)
pictures.append(kpl)
edited.append(kpl)
print("Yup")
# Save image as `.gif`
kpl.save(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif', "GIF")
# Register image as a shape, and use it as shape of turtle
register_shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
update()
def mirror():
if not hasattr(mirror, "counter"):
mirror.counter = 0
mirror.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
jui = edited.pop()
# Flip image over vertical line
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(jui)
edited.append(fgrt)
except:
bbc = pictures.pop()
# Flip image over vertical line
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(bbc)
pictures.append(fgrt)
edited.append(fgrt)
fgrt.save(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
update()
def rotatePic():
if not hasattr(rotatePic, "counter"):
rotatePic.counter = 0
rotatePic.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
lmcb = edited.pop()
# Rotate image 90º right
fetch = lmcb.rotate(-90, expand = True)
edited.append(fetch)
except:
bolt = pictures.pop()
# Rotate image 90º right
fetch = bolt.rotate(-90, expand = True)
pictures.append(fetch)
edited.append(fetch)
fetch.save(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
update()
这样，所有编辑功能在基本相同的基本图像上一起工作。
问题：
现在，考虑用户想要拍摄乌龟图像，然后将其大小调整为大小，例如800x400，并将其标记到画布上的特定位置。 之后，用户决定将乌龟图像移动到画布上的另一个位置，翻转图像，然后在那里标记图像。 现在应该有两张图片吧？ 一个盖章，另一个翻转？ 但是，由于某些原因，我的程序并非如此 。 相反，标记的图像在用户翻转乌龟图像时消失 ，即使在任何地方都没有找到clear()函数(告诉你我的意思，请参阅下面的编辑 )。 显然，这个问题只发生在调用TurtleImageResize函数之后。
我的TurtleImageResize函数有什么问题导致了这个问题？ 我已经完全改变了龟形状的图像管理过程到现在的状态，希望它能解决我在以前的设置中遇到的这个问题，但显然，情况并非如此。 因此，非常感谢任何有关此问题的帮助！
编辑：下面是一个最小，完整，可验证的方式来重现我遇到的问题(必须安装PIL(或Pillow)和GhostScript才能使其工作) ：
import os,shutil,subprocess, sys
her = sys.platform
if her == "win32":
print("Windows is your Operating System")
win_gs = ["gs","gswin32c","gswin64c"]
if all( shutil.which(gs_version) is None for gs_version in win_gs ):
paths = ["C:\\Program Files\\gs\\gs9.18\\bin","C:\\Program Files (x86)\\gs\\gs9.18\\bin"]
for path in (x for x in paths if os.path.exists(x)):
os.environ["PATH"] += ";" + path
break
if any( shutil.which(gs_version) for gs_version in win_gs ):
print("GhostScript 9.18 for Windows found and utilized")
else:
print("You do not have GhostScript 9.18 installed for Windows. Please install it.")
sys.exit(0)
else:
print("GhostScript 9.18 for Windows found and utilized")
elif her == 'darwin':
print("Macintosh is your Operating System")
if shutil.which("gs") is None:
os.environ["PATH"] += ":/usr/local/bin"
if shutil.which("gs") is None:
print("You do not have GhostScript installed for Macintosh. Please install it.")
sys.exit(0)
else:
print("GhostScript for Macintosh found and utilized")
from turtle import *
from tkinter import *
try:
import tkinter.filedialog as filedialog
except ImportError:
pass
import collections
from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance, ImageOps
jiop = collections.deque()
pictures = collections.deque()
edited = collections.deque()
picwidth = collections.deque()
picheight = collections.deque()
def draw_space():
# Draw a space 200 pixels wide.
penup()
forward(200)
pendown()
def TurtleShape():
try:
manipulateimage.config(state = NORMAL)
flipButton.config(state = NORMAL)
mirrorButton.config(state = NORMAL)
rotateButton.config(state = NORMAL)
global klob
klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
global im
im = Image.open(klob)
pictures.append(im)
edited.clear()
im.save(klob + '.gif', "GIF")
register_shape(klob + '.gif')
shape(klob + '.gif')
update()
except AttributeError:
pass
def TurtleImageResize():
if not hasattr(TurtleImageResize, "counter"):
TurtleImageResize.counter = 0
TurtleImageResize.counter += 1
width = im.size[0]
height = im.size[1]
NewOne2 = numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval = 1)
NewOne = numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval = 1)
Picwidth = NewOne2 if NewOne2 != None else width
picwidth.append(Picwidth)
Picheight = NewOne if NewOne != None else height
picheight.append(Picheight)
try:
try:
hye = jiop.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
except:
hye = edited.pop()
jiop.append(hye)
editpic = hye.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
edited.append(editpic)
pictures.append(editpic)
except:
geer = pictures.pop()
editpic = geer.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
jiop.append(geer)
edited.append(editpic)
pictures.append(editpic)
editpic.save(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif', 'GIF')
register_shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
update()
def flippic():
if not hasattr(flippic, "counter"):
flippic.counter = 0
flippic.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
ghy = edited.pop()
kpl = ImageOps.flip(ghy)
edited.append(kpl)
pictures.append(kpl)
print("Jlop")
except:
neer = pictures.pop()
kpl = ImageOps.flip(neer)
pictures.append(kpl)
edited.append(kpl)
print("Yup")
kpl.save(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif', "GIF")
register_shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
update()
def mirror():
if not hasattr(mirror, "counter"):
mirror.counter = 0
mirror.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
jui = edited.pop()
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(jui)
edited.append(fgrt)
pictures.append(fgrt)
except:
bbc = pictures.pop()
fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(bbc)
pictures.append(fgrt)
edited.append(fgrt)
fgrt.save(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
update()
def rotatePic():
if not hasattr(rotatePic, "counter"):
rotatePic.counter = 0
rotatePic.counter += 1
try:
jiop.clear()
lmcb = edited.pop()
fetch = lmcb.rotate(-90, expand = True)
edited.append(fetch)
pictures.append(fetch)
except:
bolt = pictures.pop()
fetch = bolt.rotate(-90, expand = True)
pictures.append(fetch)
edited.append(fetch)
fetch.save(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
register_shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
update()
def StampPic():
stamp()
draw_space()
update()
def move_turtle():
# Pick up the turtle and move it to its starting location.
penup()
goto(-200, 100)
pendown()
def settings():
# Tkinter buttons
turtlepic = Button(text = "Set Turtle Image", command = TurtleShape)
turtlepic.pack(side = 'left')
stampimage = Button(text = "Stamp", command = StampPic)
stampimage.pack(side = 'left')
global manipulateimage
manipulateimage = Button(text = "Resize Turtle Image", command = TurtleImageResize, state = DISABLED)
manipulateimage.pack(side = 'left')
global flipButton
flipButton = Button(text = "Flip image", command = flippic, state = DISABLED)
flipButton.pack(side = 'left')
global mirrorButton
mirrorButton = Button(text = "Mirror Image", command = mirror, state = DISABLED)
mirrorButton.pack(side = 'left')
global rotateButton
rotateButton = Button(text = "Rotate Image", command = rotatePic, state = DISABLED)
rotateButton.pack(side = 'left')
def skip(x, y):
penup()
goto(x, y)
pendown()
update()
move_turtle()
settings()
speed(0)
tracer(0, 0)
onscreenclick(skip)
if sys.platform == 'win32':
input()
else:
pass
当/如果您的系统上同时安装了GhostScript和PIL(或Pillow)，要重现我的问题，请执行以下操作( 除步骤＃4 外 所需的所有步骤)：
单击窗口底部的Set Turtle Image按钮，选择您想要龟的任何图像，然后按Open 。 乌龟被设置为该图像。
通过按屏幕底部的Resize turtle Image按钮，将Resize turtle Image为800x400(或任何其他大小)。 将连续弹出两个对话框。 在第一个对话框中输入宽度800(或您自己的宽度)，然后在第二个对话框中输入高度400(或您自己的高度)，完成后，图像将根据提供的尺寸更改大小(或者根据您是否按下取消将图像设置回原始尺寸。
选择窗口底部的Stamp按钮。 图像被标记在画布上，并且乌龟在标记图像“后面”向前移动400个像素。
可选：单击画布上的任意位置以将乌龟带到该位置。
翻转/镜像/旋转图像。
正如您所看到的，在完成所有这些操作后，就像您翻转/镜像/旋转图像一样，标记的图像就会消失 。 我的TurtleImageResize函数有什么问题导致这种情况发生？
编辑＃2：为了防止这些信息有用，我在操作系统版本为10.11.2(El Capitan)的Macintosh上运行Python 3.5.1。
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