linux下安装文件,linux安装文件系统

Linux文件系统中的文件是数据的集合，文件系统不仅包含着文件中的数据而且还有文件系统的结构，所有Linux 用户和程序看到的文件、目录、软连接及文件保护信息等都存储在其中。下面大家与学习啦小编一起来学习一下吧。

安装linux文件系统

安装根文件系统式系统初始化的关键部分。Linux内核允许根文件系统放在很多不同的地方，比如硬盘分区、软盘、通过NFS共享的远程文件系统以及保存在ramdisk中。内核要在变量ROOT_DEV中寻找包含根文件系统的磁盘主设备号。当编译内核时，或者像最初的启动装入程序传递一个合适的“root”选项时，根文件系统可以被指定为/dev目录下的一个设备文件。

安装根文件系统分为两个阶段：

1，内核安装特殊rootfs文件系统，该文件系统仅提供一个作为初始安装点的空目录

start_kernel()->vfs_caches_init()->mnt_init()->init_rootfs()

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/*初始化根文件系统*/

int __init init_rootfs(void)

{

int err;

/*初始化ramfs_backing_dev_info*/

err = bdi_init(&ramfs_backing_dev_info);

if (err)

return err;

/*注册rootfs_fs_type文件类型*/

err = register_filesystem(&rootfs_fs_type);

if (err)/*如果出错，销毁上面初始化的*/

bdi_destroy(&ramfs_backing_dev_info);

return err;

}

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static struct backing_dev_info ramfs_backing_dev_info = {

.name = "ramfs",

.ra_pages = 0, /* No readahead */

.capabilities = BDI_CAP_NO_ACCT_AND_WRITEBACK |

BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT | BDI_CAP_MAP_COPY |

BDI_CAP_READ_MAP | BDI_CAP_WRITE_MAP | BDI_CAP_EXEC_MAP,

};

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/**

* register_filesystem - register a new filesystem

* @fs: the file system structure

*

* Adds the file system passed to the list of file systems the kernel

* is aware of for mount and other syscalls. Returns 0 on success,

* or a negative errno code on an error.

*

* The &struct file_system_type that is passed is linked into the kernel

* structures and must not be freed until the file system has been

* unregistered.

*/

/*注册一个新的文件系统*/

int register_filesystem(struct file_system_type * fs)

{

int res = 0;

struct file_system_type ** p;

BUG_ON(strchr(fs->name, '.'));

if (fs->next)

return -EBUSY;

INIT_LIST_HEAD(&fs->fs_supers);

write_lock(&file_systems_lock);

/*从system_type链表中查找指定名称的file_system_type*/

p = find_filesystem(fs->name, strlen(fs->name));

if (*p)

res = -EBUSY;

else

*p = fs;

write_unlock(&file_systems_lock);

return res;

}

根文件系统定义如下

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static struct file_system_type rootfs_fs_type = {

.name = "rootfs",

.get_sb = rootfs_get_sb,

.kill_sb = kill_litter_super,

};

下面看看他的两个函数

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/*获得根目录的sb*/

static int rootfs_get_sb(struct file_system_type *fs_type,

int flags, const char *dev_name, void *data, struct vfsmount *mnt)

{

return get_sb_nodev(fs_type, flags|MS_NOUSER, data, ramfs_fill_super,

mnt);

}

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int get_sb_nodev(struct file_system_type *fs_type,

int flags, void *data,

int (*fill_super)(struct super_block *, void *, int),

struct vfsmount *mnt)

{

int error;

/*获得sb结构*/

struct super_block *s = sget(fs_type, NULL, set_anon_super, NULL);

if (IS_ERR(s))

return PTR_ERR(s);

s->s_flags = flags;

/*这里实际调用ramfs_fill_super,对sb结构的属性进行设置*/

error = fill_super(s, data, flags & MS_SILENT ? 1 : 0);

if (error) {

deactivate_locked_super(s);

return error;

}

s->s_flags |= MS_ACTIVE;

simple_set_mnt(mnt, s);/*设置mnt和sb关联*/

return 0;

}

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/**

* sget - find or create a superblock

* @type: filesystem type superblock should belong to

* @test: comparison callback

* @set: setup callback

* @data: argument to each of them

*/

/*查找或创建一个sb结构*/

struct super_block *sget(struct file_system_type *type,

int (*test)(struct super_block *,void *),

int (*set)(struct super_block *,void *),

void *data)

{

struct super_block *s = NULL;

struct super_block *old;

int err;

retry:

spin_lock(&sb_lock);

if (test) {

list_for_each_entry(old, &type->fs_supers, s_instances) {

if (!test(old, data))

continue;

if (!grab_super(old))

goto retry;

if (s) {

up_write(&s->s_umount);

destroy_super(s);

}

return old;

}

}

if (!s) {/*如果找不到sb,从内存中申请一个*/

spin_unlock(&sb_lock);

s = alloc_super(type);

if (!s)

return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

goto retry;

}

err = set(s, data);

if (err) {

spin_unlock(&sb_lock);

up_write(&s->s_umount);

destroy_super(s);

return ERR_PTR(err);

}

/*初始化得到的sb结构*/

s->s_type = type;

strlcpy(s->s_id, type->name, sizeof(s->s_id));

/*加入链表尾*/

list_add_tail(&s->s_list, &super_blocks);

list_add(&s->s_instances, &type->fs_supers);

spin_unlock(&sb_lock);

get_filesystem(type);

return s;

}

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/*所有超级块对象都以双向循环链表的形式链接在一起，量表中第一个

元素用super_blocks变量表示，而超级块对象的s_list字段存放指向链表

相邻元素的指针*/

LIST_HEAD(super_blocks);

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/**

* alloc_super - create new superblock

* @type: filesystem type superblock should belong to

*

* Allocates and initializes a new &struct super_block. alloc_super()

* returns a pointer new superblock or %NULL if allocation had failed.

*/

static struct super_block *alloc_super(struct file_system_type *type)

{

/*从内存中申请sb*/

struct super_block *s = kzalloc(sizeof(struct super_block), GFP_USER);

static const struct super_operations default_op;

if (s) {

if (security_sb_alloc(s)) {

kfree(s);

s = NULL;

goto out;

}

/*初始化*/

INIT_LIST_HEAD(&s->s_files);

INIT_LIST_HEAD(&s->s_instances);

INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&s->s_anon);

INIT_LIST_HEAD(&s->s_inodes);

INIT_LIST_HEAD(&s->s_dentry_lru);

init_rwsem(&s->s_umount);

mutex_init(&s->s_lock);

lockdep_set_class(&s->s_umount, &type->s_umount_key);

/*

* The locking rules for s_lock are up to the

* filesystem. For example ext3fs has different

* lock ordering than usbfs:

*/

lockdep_set_class(&s->s_lock, &type->s_lock_key);

/*

* sget() can have s_umount recursion.

*

* When it cannot find a suitable sb, it allocates a new

* one (this one), and tries again to find a suitable old

* one.

*

* In case that succeeds, it will acquire the s_umount

* lock of the old one. Since these are clearly distrinct

* locks, and this object isn't exposed yet, there's no

* risk of deadlocks.

*

* Annotate this by putting this lock in a different

* subclass.

*/

down_write_nested(&s->s_umount, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);

s->s_count = S_BIAS;

atomic_set(&s->s_active, 1);

mutex_init(&s->s_vfs_rename_mutex);

mutex_init(&s->s_dquot.dqio_mutex);

mutex_init(&s->s_dquot.dqonoff_mutex);

init_rwsem(&s->s_dquot.dqptr_sem);

init_waitqueue_head(&s->s_wait_unfrozen);

s->s_maxbytes = MAX_NON_LFS;

s->dq_op = sb_dquot_ops;

s->s_qcop = sb_quotactl_ops;

s->s_op = &default_op;

s->s_time_gran = 1000000000;

}

out:

return s;

}

kill_litter_super的过程相反，这里不再写了。

构造根目录是由init_mount_tree()函数实现的，该函数在前面已经介绍过了。

2，安装实际根文件系统

关于__setup宏

__setup宏来注册关键字及相关联的处理函数，__setup宏在include/linux/init.h中定义，其原型如下：

__setup(string, _handler);

其中：string是关键字，_handler是关联处理函数。__setup只是告诉内核在启动时输入串中含有string时，内核要去

执行_handler。String必须以“=”符结束以使parse_args更方便解析。紧随“=”后的任何文本都会作为输入传给

_handler。下面的例子来自于init/do_mounts.c，其中root_dev_setup作为处理程序被注册给“root=”关键字：

__setup("root=", root_dev_setup);

比如我们在启动向参数终有

noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock2 console=/linuxrc

setup_arch解释时会发现root=/dev/mtdblock2,然后它就会调用root_dev_setup

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static int __init root_dev_setup(char *line)

{

strlcpy(saved_root_name, line, sizeof(saved_root_name));

return 1;

}

__setup("root=", root_dev_setup);

Start_kernel->rest_init->init-> prepare_namespace->

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/*

* Prepare the namespace - decide what/where to mount, load ramdisks, etc.

*/

void __init prepare_namespace(void)

{

int is_floppy;

if (root_delay) {

printk(KERN_INFO "Waiting %dsec before mounting root device...\n",

root_delay);

ssleep(root_delay);

}

/*

* wait for the known devices to complete their probing

*

* Note: this is a potential source of long boot delays.

* For example, it is not atypical to wait 5 seconds here

* for the touchpad of a laptop to initialize.

*/

wait_for_device_probe();

/*创建/dev/ram0,必须得，因为initrd要放到/dev/ram0里*/

md_run_setup();

if (saved_root_name[0]) {/*saved_root_name为从启动参数"root"中获取的设备文件名*/

root_device_name = saved_root_name;

if (!strncmp(root_device_name, "mtd", 3) ||

!strncmp(root_device_name, "ubi", 3)) {/*如果设备名开头为这两个*/

mount_block_root(root_device_name, root_mountflags);

goto out;

}

/*主设备号和次设备号*/

ROOT_DEV = name_to_dev_t(root_device_name);

if (strncmp(root_device_name, "/dev/", 5) == 0)

root_device_name += 5;/*滤掉'/dev/'字符*/

}

if (initrd_load())

goto out;

/* wait for any asynchronous scanning to complete */

if ((ROOT_DEV == 0) && root_wait) {

printk(KERN_INFO "Waiting for root device %s...\n",

saved_root_name);

while (driver_probe_done() != 0 ||

(ROOT_DEV = name_to_dev_t(saved_root_name)) == 0)

msleep(100);

async_synchronize_full();

}

is_floppy = MAJOR(ROOT_DEV) == FLOPPY_MAJOR;

if (is_floppy && rd_doload && rd_load_disk(0))

ROOT_DEV = Root_RAM0;

/*实际操作*/

mount_root();

out:

devtmpfs_mount("dev");/*devfs从虚拟的根文件系统的/dev umount*/

sys_mount(".", "/", NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL);/*将挂载点从当前目录【/root】(在mount_root函数中设置的)移到根目录*/

/*当前目录即【/root】(真正文件系统挂载的目录)做为系统根目录*/

sys_chroot(".");

}

mount_root操作

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void __init mount_root(void)

{

#ifdef CONFIG_ROOT_NFS

if (MAJOR(ROOT_DEV) == UNNAMED_MAJOR) {

if (mount_nfs_root())

return;

printk(KERN_ERR "VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy.\n");

ROOT_DEV = Root_FD0;

}

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_FD

if (MAJOR(ROOT_DEV) == FLOPPY_MAJOR) {

/* rd_doload is 2 for a dual initrd/ramload setup */

if (rd_doload==2) {

if (rd_load_disk(1)) {

ROOT_DEV = Root_RAM1;

root_device_name = NULL;

}

} else

change_floppy("root floppy");

}

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK/*这里是一般流程*/

create_dev("/dev/root", ROOT_DEV);/*用系统调用创建"/dev/root"*/

mount_block_root("/dev/root", root_mountflags);

#endif

}

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void __init mount_block_root(char *name, int flags)

{

/*从cache中分配空间*/

char *fs_names = __getname_gfp(GFP_KERNEL

| __GFP_NOTRACK_FALSE_POSITIVE);

char *p;

#ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK

char b[BDEVNAME_SIZE];

#else

const char *b = name;

#endif

/*获得文件系统类型，如果在bootoption里有，

则就为这个文件系统类型，如果没有指定，

则返回ilesytem链上所有类型，下面再对每个进行尝试.*/

get_fs_names(fs_names);

retry:

for (p = fs_names; *p; p += strlen(p)+1) {

/*实际的安装工作，这里调用了mount系统调用

将文件系统挂到/root目录，p为文件系统类型，由get_fs_names得到

*/

int err = do_mount_root(name, p, flags, root_mount_data);

switch (err) {

case 0:

goto out;

case -EACCES:

flags |= MS_RDONLY;

goto retry;

case -EINVAL:

continue;

}

/*

* Allow the user to distinguish between failed sys_open

* and bad superblock on root device.

* and give them a list of the available devices

*/

#ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK

__bdevname(ROOT_DEV, b);

#endif

printk("VFS: Cannot open root device \"%s\" or %s\n",

root_device_name, b);

printk("Please append a correct \"root=\" boot option; here are the available partitions:\n");

printk_all_partitions();

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_BLOCK_EXT_DEVT

printk("DEBUG_BLOCK_EXT_DEVT is enabled, you need to specify "

"explicit textual name for \"root=\" boot option.\n");

#endif

panic("VFS: Unable to mount root fs on %s", b);

}

printk("List of all partitions:\n");

printk_all_partitions();

printk("No filesystem could mount root, tried: ");

for (p = fs_names; *p; p += strlen(p)+1)

printk(" %s", p);

printk("\n");

#ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK

__bdevname(ROOT_DEV, b);

#endif

panic("VFS: Unable to mount root fs on %s", b);

out:

putname(fs_names);

}

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static int __init do_mount_root(char *name, char *fs, int flags, void *data)

{

/*mount系统调用来做实际的安装文件系统工作*/

int err = sys_mount(name, "/root", fs, flags, data);

if (err)

return err;

/*改变当前路径到根目录*/

sys_chdir("/root");

ROOT_DEV = current->fs->pwd.mnt->mnt_sb->s_dev;

printk("VFS: Mounted root (%s filesystem)%s on device %u:%u.\n",

current->fs->pwd.mnt->mnt_sb->s_type->name,

current->fs->pwd.mnt->mnt_sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY ?

" readonly" : "", MAJOR(ROOT_DEV), MINOR(ROOT_DEV));

return 0;

}

到此，根文件系统的安装过程算是完成了，中间关于mount等系统调用将在后面分析。可以看出总的步骤主要有：

1，创建一个rootfs，这个是虚拟的rootfs，是内存文件系统(和ramfs)，后面还会指向具体的根文件系统;

2，从系统启动参数中获取设备文件名以及设备号;

3，调用系统调用创建符号链接，并调用mount系统调用进程实际的安装操作;

4，改变进程当前目录;

5，移动rootfs文件系统根目录上得已经安装文件系统的安装点;

rootfs特殊文件系统没有被卸载，他只是隐藏在基于磁盘的根文件系统下了。