python中类的继承关系使用什么符号_Python类的继承(进阶5)

Python类的继承(进阶5)

1. python中什么是继承

python中什么是继承:

新类不必从头编写

新类从现有的类继承，就自动拥有了现有类的所有功能

新类只需要编写现有类缺少的新功能

继承的好处：

复用已有代码

自动拥有了现有类的所有功能

只需要编写缺少的新功能

继承的特点：

子类和父类是is关系

python继承的特点：

总是从某个类继承

不要忘记调用super().init

2. python中继承一个类

1 classPerson(object):2 def __init__(self, name, gender):3 self.name =name4 self.gender =gender5 classTeacher(Person):6 def __init__(self, name, gender, course):7 super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, gender)8 self.course =course9

10 t = Teacher('Alice', 'Female', 'English')11 printt.name12 print t.course

3. python中判断类型

函数isinstance()可以判断一个变量的类型，既可以用在Python内置的数据类型如str、list、dict，也可以用在我们自定义的类，它们本质上都是数据类型。

1 classPerson(object):2 def __init__(self, name, gender):3 self.name =name4 self.gender =gender5

6 classStudent(Person):7 def __init__(self, name, gender, score):8 super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender)9 self.score =score10

11 classTeacher(Person):12 def __init__(self, name, gender, course):13 super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, gender)14 self.course =course15

16 t = Teacher('Alice', 'Female', 'English')17

18 printisinstance(t, Person)19 printisinstance(t, Student)20 printisinstance(t, Teacher)21 print isinstance(t, object)

4. python中多态

1 classPerson(object):2 def __init__(self, name, gender):3 self.name =name4 self.gender =gender5 defwhoAmI(self):6 return 'I am a Person, my name is %s' %self.name7

8 classStudent(Person):9 def __init__(self, name, gender, score):10 super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender)11 self.score =score12 defwhoAmI(self):13 return 'I am a Student, my name is %s' %self.name14

15 classTeacher(Person):16 def __init__(self, name, gender, course):17 super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, gender)18 self.course =course19 defwhoAmI(self):20 return 'I am a Teacher, my name is %s' %self.name21

22

23 importjson24

25 classStudents(object):26 defread(self):27 return r'["Tim", "Bob", "Alice"]'

28

29 s =Students()30

31 print json.load(s)

5. python中多重继承

除了从一个父类继承外，Python允许从多个父类继承，称为多重继承。Java不能多继承

1 classA(object):2 def __init__(self, a):3 print 'init A...'

4 self.a =a5

6 classB(A):7 def __init__(self, a):8 super(B, self).__init__(a)9 print 'init B...'

10

11 classC(A):12 def __init__(self, a):13 super(C, self).__init__(a)14 print 'init C...'

15

16 classD(B, C):17 def __init__(self, a):18 super(D, self).__init__(a)19 print 'init D...'

20

21

22 classPerson(object):23 pass

24

25 classStudent(Person):26 pass

27

28 classTeacher(Person):29 pass

30

31 classSkillMixin(object):32 pass

33

34 classBasketballMixin(SkillMixin):35 defskill(self):36 return 'basketball'

37

38 classFootballMixin(SkillMixin):39 defskill(self):40 return 'football'

41

42 classBStudent(BasketballMixin):43 pass

44

45 classFTeacher(FootballMixin):46 pass

47

48 s =BStudent()49 prints.skill()50

51 t =FTeacher()52 print t.skill()

6. python中获取对象信息

除了用 isinstance() 判断它是否是某种类型的实例外，还有没有别的方法获取到更多的信息呢？

首先可以用 type() 函数获取变量的类型，它返回一个 Type 对象

dir() 函数获取变量的所有属性

dir()返回的属性是字符串列表，如果已知一个属性名称，要获取或者设置对象的属性，就需要用 getattr() 和 setattr( )函数了

1 classPerson(object):2 def __init__(self, name, gender):3 self.name =name4 self.gender =gender5

6 classStudent(Person):7 def __init__(self, name, gender, score):8 super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender)9 self.score =score10 defwhoAmI(self):11 return 'I am a Student, my name is %s' %self.name12

13 print type(123) #

14

15 s = Student('Bob', 'Male', 88)16 print s #

17

18 print dir(123) #['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__class__', '__cmp__', '__coerce__', '__delattr__', '__div__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__float__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__hash__', '__hex__', '__index__', '__init__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__long__', '__lshift__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__nonzero__', '__oct__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdiv__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '__trunc__', '__xor__', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real']

19

20 print dir(s) #['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'gender', 'name', 'score', 'whoAmI']

21

22 print getattr(s, 'name') #Bob

23 setattr(s, 'name', 'Adam')24 print s.name #Adam

25

26 classPerson(object):27

28 def __init__(self, name, gender, **kw):29 self.name =name30 self.gender =gender31 for k, v inkw.iteritems():32 setattr(self, k, v)33

34

35 p = Person('Bob', 'Male', age=18, course='Python')36 print p.age #18

37 print p.course #Python