python可视化教程 geoplot_GeoPandas入门 | 05-Python可视化空间数据

05-Python可视化空间数据

源代码请看此处

%matplotlib inline

import pandas as pd

import geopandas

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

countries = geopandas.read_file("zip://data/ne_110m_admin_0_countries.zip")

cities = geopandas.read_file("zip://data/ne_110m_populated_places.zip")

rivers = geopandas.read_file("zip://data/ne_50m_rivers_lake_centerlines.zip")

5.1 GeoPandas的可视化函数

基础绘图

countries.plot()

调整地图大小

countries.plot(figsize=(15,15))

移除边框及x，y坐标

ax=countries.plot(figsize=(15,15))

ax.set_axis_off()

根据列值进行着色

首先创建一个新的人均国内生产总值列

countries=countries[(countries['pop_est']>0)&(countries['name']!="Antarctica")]

countries['gdp_per_cap'] = countries['gdp_md_est'] / countries['pop_est'] * 100

现在可以使用这个列来给多边形着色:

ax = countries.plot(figsize=(15, 15), column='gdp_per_cap')

ax.set_axis_off()

ax = countries.plot(figsize=(15, 15), column='gdp_per_cap', scheme='quantiles', legend=True) # scheme 分级方法

ax.set_axis_off()

将多个GeoDataframe的数据同时可视化

.plot方法返回一个matplotlib的Axes对象，然后可以通过ax=关键字重新使用这个对象为该图添加额外的图层

ax=countries.plot(figsize=(15,15))

cities.plot(ax=ax,color='red',markersize=10)

ax.set_axis_off()

ax=countries.plot(edgecolor='k',facecolor='none',figsize=(15,15))

rivers.plot(ax=ax)

cities.plot(ax=ax,color='C1')

# ax.set(xlim=(70,135),ylim=(0,55))

ax.set_axis_off()

使用contextily添加背景图

该包允许轻松地将基于Web-tile的背景图(basemap)添加到的GeoPandas图中

目前，唯一的要求是数据投影为WebMercator(EPSG:3857)

cities_europe = cities[cities.within(countries[countries['continent'] == 'Europe'].unary_union)]

# .unary_union: Returns a geometry containing the union of all geometries in the GeoSeries

cities_europe2 = cities_europe.to_crs(epsg=3857)

ax=cities_europe2.plot()

import contextily as ctx

ax=cities_europe2.plot(figsize=(10,6))

ctx.add_basemap(ax)

ax = cities_europe2.plot(figsize=(10, 6))

ctx.add_basemap(ax, source=ctx.providers.Stamen.TonerLite)

5.2 使用geoplot包进行可视化

与GeoDataFrames的基本.plot()方法相比，geoplot包提供了一些额外的功能

高级绘图API(有更多的绘图类型)

通过cartopy支持本地投影# ! pip3 install geoplot

import sys

import geoplot

import geoplot.crs as gcrs

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10), subplot_kw={

'projection': gcrs.Orthographic(central_latitude=35, central_longitude=116.0059)

})

geoplot.choropleth(countries, hue='gdp_per_cap', projection=gcrs.Orthographic(), ax=ax,

cmap='BuGn', linewidth=1, edgecolor='white')

ax.set_global()

ax.outline_patch.set_visible(True)

# ax.coastlines()

# Geometry must be a Point or LineString

/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/ipykernel_launcher.py:7: DeprecationWarning: The outline_patch property is deprecated. Use GeoAxes.spines['geo'] or the default Axes properties instead.

import sys

5.3 使用cartopy包进行可视化

使用cartopy

Cartopy是matplotlib的基础制图库，它被geoplot用来提供投影

from cartopy import crs as ccrs

crs=ccrs.AlbersEqualArea()

crs_proj4=crs.proj4_init

countries_ae=countries.to_crs(crs_proj4)

countries_ae.plot()

fig,ax=plt.subplots(subplot_kw={'projection':crs})

ax.add_geometries(countries_ae['geometry'],crs=crs)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw={'projection': crs})

countries_ae['geometry'].plot(ax=ax)

5.4 基于web的交互式可视化

现在有很多针对交互式网络可视化的库，可以处理地理空间数据：

另一个流行的在线地图的javascript库是Leaflet.js，这个库在folium和ipyleaflet包中有python接口

ipyleaflet的使用实例：

# ! pip3 install ipyleaflet

import ipyleaflet

m = ipyleaflet.Map(center=[48.8566, 2.3429], zoom=3)

geo_data = ipyleaflet.GeoData(

geo_dataframe = countries,

style={'color': 'black', 'fillColor': '#3366cc', 'opacity':0.05, 'weight':1.9, 'dashArray':'2', 'fillOpacity':0.6},

hover_style={'fillColor': 'red' , 'fillOpacity': 0.2},

name = 'Countries')

m.add_layer(geo_data)

m

# jupyter labextension install @jupyter-widgets/jupyterlab-manager

Map(center=[48.8566, 2.3429], controls=(ZoomControl(options=['position', 'zoom_in_text', 'zoom_in_title', 'zoo…

folium的使用实例

import folium

m = folium.Map([39, 116], zoom_start=6, tiles="OpenStreetMap")

folium.GeoJson(countries).add_to(m)

folium.GeoJson(cities).add_to(m)

m