python sqlalchemy中文手册-Python的ORM框架SQLAlchemy入门教程

SQLAlchemy的理念是，SQL数据库的量级和性能重要于对象集合；而对象集合的抽象又重要于表和行。

一 安装 SQLAlchemy

pip install sqlalchemy

导入如果没有报错则安装成功

>>> import sqlalchemy

>>> sqlalchemy.__version__

"0.9.1"

>>>

二 使用 sqlalchemy对数据库操作

1. 定义元信息，绑定到引擎

(env)ghost@ghost-H61M-S2V-B3:~/project/flask/fsql$ python

Python 2.7.3 (default, Apr 10 2013, 05:13:16)

[GCC 4.7.2] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> from sqlalchemy import *

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import *

>>> engine = create_engine("sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db", echo=True) # 定义引擎

>>> metadata = MetaData(engine) # 绑定元信息

>>>

2.创建表格，初始化数据库

>>> users_table = Table("users", metadata,

... Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),

... Column("name", String(40)),

... Column("email", String(120)))

>>>

>>> users_table.create()

2014-01-09 10:03:32,436 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine

CREATE TABLE users (

id INTEGER NOT NULL,

name VARCHAR(40),

email VARCHAR(120),

PRIMARY KEY (id)

)

2014-01-09 10:03:32,436 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()

2014-01-09 10:03:32,575 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT

>>>

执行上述代码，我们就创建 一个 users 表，有id， name， email 三个字段

(env)ghost@ghost-H61M-S2V-B3:~/project/flask/fsql$ sqlite3 sqlalchemy.db

SQLite version 3.7.13 2012-06-11 02:05:22

Enter ".help" for instructions

Enter SQL statements terminated with a ";"

sqlite> .tables

users

sqlite>

3. 基本操作，插入

如果已经table表已经存在， 第二次运行就不许要 create了， 使用 autoload 设置

>>> from sqlalchemy import *

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import *

>>> engine = create_engine("sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db", echo=True)

>>> metadata = MetaData(engine)

>>> users_table = Table("users", metadata, autoload=True)

2014-01-09 10:20:01,580 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine PRAGMA table_info("users")

2014-01-09 10:20:01,581 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()

2014-01-09 10:20:01,582 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine PRAGMA foreign_key_list("users")

2014-01-09 10:20:01,583 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()

2014-01-09 10:20:01,583 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine PRAGMA index_list("users")

2014-01-09 10:20:01,583 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()

>>> users_table

Table("users", MetaData(bind=Engine(sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db)), Column("id", INTEGER(), table=, primary_key=True, nullable=False), Column("name", VARCHAR(length=40), table=), Column("email", VARCHAR(length=120), table=), schema=None)

>>>

实例化一个插入句柄

>>> i = users_table.insert()

>>> i

>>> print i

INSERT INTO users (id, name, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?)

>>> i.execute(name="rsj217", email="rsj21@gmail.com")

2014-01-09 10:24:02,250 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)

2014-01-09 10:24:02,250 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ("rsj217", "rsj21@gmail.com")

2014-01-09 10:24:02,251 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT

>>> i.execute({"name": "ghost"},{"name": "test"})

2014-01-09 10:24:57,537 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)

2014-01-09 10:24:57,537 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (("ghost",), ("test",))

2014-01-09 10:24:57,537 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT

>>>

数据库内容为

sqlite> select * from users;

1|rsj217|rsj21@gmail.com

2|ghost|

3|test|

sqlite>

查询 删除和插入类似 都需要先实例一个 sqlalchemy.sql.dml 对象

三 使用 ORM

使用 orm 就是 将 python class 与 数据库的 table 映射，免去直接写 sql 语句

创建映射

>>> class User(object):

... def __repr__(self):

... return "%s(%r, %r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name, self.email)

...

>>> mapper(User, users_table) # 创建映射

>>> ul = User()

>>> ul.name

>>> print ul

User(None, None)

>>> print ul.name

None

>>>

建立会话

查询

>>> session = create_session()

>>> session

>>> query = session.query(User)

>>> query

>>> u = query.filter_by(name="rsj217").first()

2014-01-09 10:44:23,809 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name, users.email AS users_email

FROM users

WHERE users.name = ?

LIMIT ? OFFSET ?

2014-01-09 10:44:23,809 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ("rsj217", 1, 0)

>>> u.name

u"rsj217"

>>>

插入

>>> from sqlalchemy import *

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import *

>>> engine = create_engine("sqlite:///./sqlalchemy.db")

>>> metadata = MetaData(engine)

>>> users_table = Table("users", metadata, autoload=True)

>>> class User(object): pass

...

>>> mapper(User, users_table)

>>> Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

>>> session = Session()

>>> u = User()

>>> u.name = "new"

>>> session.add(u)

>>> session.flush()

>>> session.commit()

>>>

注意建立会话的方式， sqlalchemy 的版本不同 sessionmaker 的方式更好

剩下删除 关系 事物等高级操作就参考官方文档了。