下单步骤：
1. 登录账号，获取cookie和验证码
2. 输入出发地、目的地、乘车日期等信息，获取车次信息
3. 选择需要购买的车次和座位类型，获取乘客信息
4. 提交订单，获取订单信息
5. 确认订单，完成购票流程
以下是一个简单的Python爬虫实现12306购票的例子：
```python
import requests
import json
from time import sleep
# 登录url
login_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/passport/web/login'
# 用户名和密码
username = 'your_username'
password = 'your_password'
# 出发地、目的地、日期等信息
from_station = '北京'
to_station = '上海'
train_date = '2019-07-01'
# 车次类型和座位类型
train_type = 'G'
seat_type = '二等座'
# 乘客姓名和身份证号码
passenger_name = '张三'
passenger_id = '123456789012345678'
# 提交订单url
submit_order_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/submitOrderRequest'
# 检查订单url
check_order_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/checkOrderInfo'
# 确认订单url
confirm_order_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/confirmSingleForQueue'
# 获取验证码url
captcha_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/passport/captcha/captcha-image64'
# 登录请求头
login_headers = {
'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Content-Length': '44',
'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
'Host': 'kyfw.12306.cn',
'Origin': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn',
'Referer': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/login.html',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.157 Safari/537.36',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
}
# 下单请求头
order_headers = {
'Accept': 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Content-Length': '220',
'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
'Host': 'kyfw.12306.cn',
'Origin': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn',
'Referer': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/init',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.157 Safari/537.36',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
}
# 获取验证码请求头
captcha_headers = {
'Accept': 'image/webp,image/apng,image/*,*/*;q=0.8',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'Connection': 'keep-alive',
'Host': 'kyfw.12306.cn',
'Referer': 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/login.html',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.157 Safari/537.36'
}
# 登录请求参数
login_data = {
'username': username,
'password': password,
'appid': 'otn'
}
# 下单请求参数
order_data = {
'secretStr': '',
'train_date': train_date,
'back_train_date': train_date,
'tour_flag': 'dc',
'purpose_codes': 'ADULT',
'query_from_station_name': from_station,
'query_to_station_name': to_station,
'undefined': ''
}
def login():
# 获取验证码
captcha_response = session.get(captcha_url, headers=captcha_headers)
captcha_json = json.loads(captcha_response.text)
captcha_image_base64 = captcha_json['image']
with open('captcha.jpg', 'wb') as f:
f.write(base64.b64decode(captcha_image_base64))
captcha_code = input('请输入验证码: ')
# 登录
login_data['answer'] = captcha_code
response = session.post(login_url, data=login_data, headers=login_headers)
result = json.loads(response.text)
if result['result_code'] == 0:
print('登录成功')
return True
else:
print('登录失败')
return False
def submit_order():
# 提交订单
order_data['secretStr'] = secretStr
response = session.post(submit_order_url, data=order_data, headers=order_headers)
result = json.loads(response.text)
if result['status'] == True:
print('提交订单成功')
return True
else:
print('提交订单失败')
return False
def check_order():
# 检查订单
passengerTicketStr = 'O,0,1,' + passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',,N,' + seat_type + ',,'
oldPassengerStr = passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',1_'
order_data['passengerTicketStr'] = passengerTicketStr
order_data['oldPassengerStr'] = oldPassengerStr
order_data['REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN'] = repeat_submit_token
response = session.post(check_order_url, data=order_data, headers=order_headers)
result = json.loads(response.text)
if result['data']['submitStatus'] == True:
print('检查订单成功')
return True
else:
print('检查订单失败')
return False
def confirm_order():
# 确认订单
order_data['passengerTicketStr'] = passengerTicketStr
order_data['oldPassengerStr'] = oldPassengerStr
order_data['REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN'] = repeat_submit_token
order_data['key_check_isChange'] = key_check_isChange
order_data['leftTicketStr'] = leftTicketStr
response = session.post(confirm_order_url, data=order_data, headers=order_headers)
result = json.loads(response.text)
if result['data']['submitStatus'] == True:
print('确认订单成功')
return True
else:
print('确认订单失败')
return False
if __name__ == '__main__':
session = requests.session()
# 登录
while not login():
pass
# 查询车票
query_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ'
params = {
'leftTicketDTO.train_date': train_date,
'leftTicketDTO.from_station': from_station,
'leftTicketDTO.to_station': to_station,
'purpose_codes': 'ADULT'
}
response = session.get(query_url, params=params)
result = json.loads(response.text)
for data in result['data']:
if data['queryLeftNewDTO']['station_train_code'].startswith(train_type):
print(data['queryLeftNewDTO']['station_train_code'], data['queryLeftNewDTO'][seat_type + '_num'])
if data['queryLeftNewDTO'][seat_type + '_num'] != '无' and data['queryLeftNewDTO'][seat_type + '_num'] != '--':
secretStr = data['secretStr']
leftTicketStr = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['ypInfoDetail']
start_train_date = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['start_train_date']
train_no = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['train_no']
train_location = data['queryLeftNewDTO']['location_code']
break
# 获取乘客信息
passenger_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/getPassengerDTOs'
data = {
'_json_att': '',
'REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN': ''
}
response = session.post(passenger_url, data=data, headers=order_headers)
result = json.loads(response.text)
for passenger in result['data']['normal_passengers']:
if passenger['passenger_name'] == passenger_name and passenger['passenger_id_no'] == passenger_id:
passengerTicketStr = 'O,0,1,' + passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',,N,' + seat_type + ',,'
oldPassengerStr = passenger_name + ',1,' + passenger_id + ',1_'
# 获取REPEAT_SUBMIT_TOKEN和key_check_isChange
init_dc_url = 'https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/confirmPassenger/initDc'
data = {
'_json_att': ''
}
response = session.post(init_dc_url, data=data, headers=order_headers)
repeat_submit_token = re.findall(r"var globalRepeatSubmitToken = '(.*?)';", response.text)[0]
key_check_isChange = re.findall(r"key_check_isChange':'(.*?)',", response.text)[0]
# 下单
if submit_order():
# 延时5秒
sleep(5)
# 检查订单
if check_order():
# 确认订单
if confirm_order():
print('购票成功')
```
需要注意的是，12306的接口随时可能会变化，代码中的某些参数可能需要修改才能正常运行。此外，代码中的验证码是手动输入的，如果需要自动识别验证码，可以使用一些第三方验证码识别库。
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