signature=ebb59177b9cbb021e426a9ec34d0d5f6,Prepared For: WBKDA, LLC P.O. Box 5349 Kailua-Kona, Hawai...

摘要：

tides). The ocean conditions were more favorable being calm but tides weakly falling at the time of the four 2006 surveys. Despite these favorable conditions, evidence of effluxing groundwater along theshoreline resulting in lower salinities was not particularly obvious. In the four 2007 surveys the tideswere near ebb or were falling but some surge was present which served to partially mask the presence of effluxing groundwater. The 2008 surveys were carried out during falling tides (on three of four surveys) and only one had much surf and wind present. In 2009 winds created choppy conditions in the ocean on two of the three surveys and only on one was the tide strongly ebbing at the time of sampling, butgroundwater signatures were not readily apparent. The April 2010 survey was undertaken under atradewind swell and the tide was rising. Both the three 2010 and four 2011 surveys were not carried out during ideal conditions (i.e., strongly falling tide near ebb and calm seas) that serve to draw groundwater in a seaward direction as well as minimizing mixing due to wind and waves for the detection of effluxing groundwater adjacent to shore. The presence of winds, surf and weakly falling or rising tides increasesmixing and reduces the rate of non-compliance which was the case in 2009 and 2010 but less so in 2011 when conditions were more favorable for detecting effluxing groundwater. Similarly, data from 2008show high non-compliance thus the falling tides and relatively low surf reduced mixing and theseconditions favored the identification of incoming groundwater and increased the rate of non-compliance among the parameters. In three of the four earlier baseline surveys (29 August 1993, 8 April 1998 and 15 April 2002) conducted by Marine Research Consultants, mean salinities were reduced and manyparameters were out of compliance on those dates resulting in a high rate of non-compliance during thebaseline period. It is surmised that besides tide state which is the usual driver for groundwater flow, the local wind and surf conditions play a large role in the detecting compliance/non-compliance in manywater quality parameters at Ka Lae Mano.

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