java 枚举 扩展性_Android基础进阶之EffectiveJava翻译系列(第五章:枚举和注解)

Java1.5中提供的两种新类型

Item30: 用枚举替代int型常量

枚举:一系列常量类型的集合

没有枚举前大量定义的常量如下

// The int enum pattern - severely deficient!

public static final int APPLE_FUJI = 0;

public static final int APPLE_PIPPIN = 1;

public static final int APPLE_GRANNY_SMITH = 2;

public static final int ORANGE_NAVEL = 0;

public static final int ORANGE_TEMPLE = 1;

public static final int ORANGE_BLOOD = 2;

首先调试不方便,我们只会打印出数字,然后回归代码

其次没有命名空间做区别,命名累赘

使用枚举后

public enum Apple { FUJI, PIPPIN, GRANNY_SMITH }

public enum Orange { NAVEL, TEMPLE, BLOOD }

再来看一个星球的例子

public enum Planet {

MERCURY(3.302e+23, 2.439e6),

VENUS (4.869e+24, 6.052e6),

EARTH (5.975e+24, 6.378e6),

MARS (6.419e+23, 3.393e6),

JUPITER(1.899e+27, 7.149e7),

SATURN (5.685e+26, 6.027e7),

URANUS (8.683e+25, 2.556e7),

NEPTUNE(1.024e+26, 2.477e7);

private final double mass; // In kilograms

private final double radius; // In meters

private final double surfaceGravity; // In m / s^2

// Universal gravitational constant in m^3 / kg s^2

private static final double G = 6.67300E-11;

// Constructor

Planet(double mass, double radius) {

this.mass = mass;

this.radius = radius;

surfaceGravity = G * mass / (radius * radius);

}

public double mass() { return mass; }

public double radius() { return radius; }

public double surfaceGravity() { return surfaceGravity; }

public double surfaceWeight(double mass) {

return mass * surfaceGravity; // F = ma

}

}

再来看一个算数的例子

public enum Operation {

PLUS { double apply(double x, double y){return x + y;} },

MINUS { double apply(double x, double y){return x - y;} },

TIMES { double apply(double x, double y){return x * y;} },

DIVIDE { double apply(double x, double y){return x / y;} };

abstract double apply(double x, double y);

}

总结:枚举比int型常量更安全和具有可读性

Item31: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段代替序号)

所有的枚举都有

ordinal 方法(从0开始计数),如果我们想用序号的int值(从1开始计数),不要直接修改ordinal 方法

//bad

public enum Ensemble {

SOLO, DUET, TRIO, QUARTET, QUINTET,

SEXTET, SEPTET, OCTET, NONET, DECTET;

public int numberOfMusicians() { return ordinal() + 1; }

}

虽然上述代码能正常使用,但是却会导致一场噩梦

如果我们改变了枚举中的常量顺序,之前的序号就会一团糟

优化代码如下

public enum Ensemble {

SOLO(1), DUET(2), TRIO(3), QUARTET(4), QUINTET(5),

SEXTET(6), SEPTET(7), OCTET(8), DOUBLE_QUARTET(8),

NONET(9), DECTET(10), TRIPLE_QUARTET(12);

private final int numberOfMusicians;

Ensemble(int size) {

this.numberOfMusicians = size;

}

public int numberOfMusicians() {

return numberOfMusicians;

}

}

Item32: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用EnumSet替代位字段)

如我们有一段代码

// Bit field enumeration constants - OBSOLETE!

public class Text {

public static final int STYLE_BOLD = 1 << 0; // 1

public static final int STYLE_ITALIC = 1 << 1; // 2

public static final int STYLE_UNDERLINE = 1 << 2; // 4

public static final int STYLE_STRIKETHROUGH = 1 << 3; // 8

// Parameter is bitwise OR of zero or more STYLE_ constants

public void applyStyles(int styles) { ... }

}

//使用

text.applyStyles(STYLE_BOLD | STYLE_ITALIC);

用EnumSet优化如下:

// EnumSet - a modern replacement for bit fields

public class Text {

public enum Style { BOLD, ITALIC, UNDERLINE, STRIKETHROUGH }

// Any Set could be passed in, but EnumSet is clearly best

public void applyStyles(Set

}

//使用

text.applyStyles(EnumSet.of(Style.BOLD, Style.ITALIC));

Item33: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用EnumMap代替顺序索引)

Item34: 使用接口提升枚举的扩展性

code say everything

普通操作 加减乘除

// Emulated extensible enum using an interface

public interface Operation {

double apply(double x, double y);

}

public enum BasicOperation implements Operation {

PLUS("+") {

public double apply(double x, double y) { return x + y; }

},

MINUS("-") {

public double apply(double x, double y) { return x - y; }

},

TIMES("*") {

public double apply(double x, double y) { return x * y; }

},

DIVIDE("/") {

public double apply(double x, double y) { return x / y; }

};

private final String symbol;

BasicOperation(String symbol) {

this.symbol = symbol;

}

@Override public String toString() {

return symbol;

}

}

现需要扩展取余,异或等方法,不要再BasicOperation 中新加枚举,而是实现公共接口Operation

// Emulated extension enum

public enum ExtendedOperation implements Operation {

EXP("^") {

public double apply(double x, double y) {

return Math.pow(x, y);

}

},

REMAINDER("%") {

public double apply(double x, double y) {

return x % y;

}

};

private final String symbol;

ExtendedOperation(String symbol) {

this.symbol = symbol;

}

@Override public String toString() {

return symbol;

}

}

Item36: 始终使用override注解

// 你能找到这个bug吗?

public class Bigram {

private final char first;

private final char second;

public Bigram(char first, char second) {

this.first = first;

this.second = second;

}

public boolean equals(Bigram b) {

return b.first == first && b.second == second;

}

public int hashCode() {

return 31 * first + second;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Set s = new HashSet();

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

for (char ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++)

s.add(new Bigram(ch, ch));

System.out.println(s.size());

}

}

理论上我们希望打印26,因为HashSet没有重复元素,但是得到的值是260

因为没有override equals&hashCode方法,所以默认是使用的"=="比较的地址,得到的都是不同的对象

修复如下

@Override public boolean equals(Bigram b) {

return b.first == first && b.second == second;

}

@Override public int hashCode() {

return 31 * first + second;

}

Item37: 使用标记接口定义类型(待补充)

标记接口:只为了标记某一种类型

如 Serializable 接口,表明可将实例序列化

优点:

1.标记接口定义了一种类型

2.可用于任何扩展的子类

标记注解:

优点:

1.描述信息更丰富,可在使用后添加方法

2.位于FrameWork层,各个应用使用同一套规则