python3.7用法_12. 虚拟环境和包

12.3.使用pip管理包¶

你可以使用一个名为 pip 的程序来安装、升级和移除软件包。默认情况下 pip 将从 Python Package Index 安装软件包。你可以在浏览器中访问 Python Package Index 或是使用 pip 受限的搜索功能:

(tutorial-env) $ pip search astronomy

skyfield - Elegant astronomy for Python

gary - Galactic astronomy and gravitational dynamics.

novas - The United States Naval Observatory NOVAS astronomy library

astroobs - Provides astronomy ephemeris to plan telescope observations

PyAstronomy - A collection of astronomy related tools for Python.

...

pip 有许多子命令：“search”、“install”、“uninstall”、“freeze”等等。（请参阅 安装 Python 模块 指南以了解 pip 的完整文档。）

您可以通过指定包的名称来安装最新版本的包：

(tutorial-env) $ pip install novas

Collecting novas

Downloading novas-3.1.1.3.tar.gz (136kB)

Installing collected packages: novas

Running setup.py install for novas

Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3

您还可以通过提供包名称后跟 == 和版本号来安装特定版本的包：

(tutorial-env) $ pip install requests==2.6.0

Collecting requests==2.6.0

Using cached requests-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl

Installing collected packages: requests

Successfully installed requests-2.6.0

如果你重新运行这个命令，pip 会注意到已经安装了所请求的版本并且什么都不做。您可以提供不同的版本号来获取该版本，或者您可以运行 pip install --upgrade 将软件包升级到最新版本：

(tutorial-env) $ pip install --upgrade requests

Collecting requests

Installing collected packages: requests

Found existing installation: requests 2.6.0

Uninstalling requests-2.6.0:

Successfully uninstalled requests-2.6.0

Successfully installed requests-2.7.0

pip uninstall 后跟一个或多个包名称将从虚拟环境中删除包。

pip show 将显示有关特定包的信息：

(tutorial-env) $ pip show requests

---

Metadata-Version: 2.0

Name: requests

Version: 2.7.0

Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.

Home-page: http://python-requests.org

Author: Kenneth Reitz

Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com

License: Apache 2.0

Location: /Users/akuchling/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages

Requires:

pip list 将显示虚拟环境中安装的所有软件包：

(tutorial-env) $ pip list

novas (3.1.1.3)

numpy (1.9.2)

pip (7.0.3)

requests (2.7.0)

setuptools (16.0)

pip freeze` 将生成一个类似的已安装包列表，但输出使用 pip install 期望的格式。一个常见的约定是将此列表放在 requirements.txt 文件中：

(tutorial-env) $ pip freeze > requirements.txt

(tutorial-env) $ cat requirements.txt

novas==3.1.1.3

numpy==1.9.2

requests==2.7.0

然后可以将 requirements.txt 提交给版本控制并作为应用程序的一部分提供。然后用户可以使用 install -r 安装所有必需的包：

(tutorial-env) $ pip install -r requirements.txt

Collecting novas==3.1.1.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))

...

Collecting numpy==1.9.2 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))

...

Collecting requests==2.7.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 3))

...

Installing collected packages: novas, numpy, requests

Running setup.py install for novas

Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3 numpy-1.9.2 requests-2.7.0

pip 有更多选择。有关 pip 的完整文档，请参阅 安装 Python 模块 指南。当您编写一个包并希望在 Python 包索引中使它可用时，请参考 分发 Python 模块 指南。