python3版本之间的区别和联系-Python 2.7.x 和 3.x 版本的重要区别

许多Python初学者都会问：我应该学习哪个版本的Python。对于这个问题，我的回答通常是“先选择一个最适合你的Python教程，教程中使用哪个版本的Python，你就用那个版本。等学得差不多了，再来研究不同版本之间的差别”。

但如果想要用Python开发一个新项目，那么该如何选择Python版本呢？我可以负责任的说，大部分Python库都同时支持Python 2.7.x和3.x版本的，所以不论选择哪个版本都是可以的。但为了在使用Python时避开某些版本中一些常见的陷阱，或需要移植某个Python项目时，依然有必要了解一下Python两个常见版本之间的主要区别。

目录

__future__模块

Python 3.x引入了一些与Python 2不兼容的关键字和特性，在Python 2中，可以通过内置的__future__模块导入这些新内容。如果你希望在Python 2环境下写的代码也可以在Python 3.x中运行，那么建议使用__future__模块。例如，如果希望在Python 2中拥有Python 3.x的整数除法行为，可以通过下面的语句导入相应的模块。

Python

from __future__ import division

1

from __future__ import division

下表列出了__future__中其他可导入的特性：

特性

可选版本

强制版本

效果

nested_scopes

2.1.0b1

2.2

PEP 227:

Statically Nested Scopes

generators

2.2.0a1

2.3

PEP

255:

Simple Generators

division

2.2.0a2

3.0

PEP

238:

Changing the Division Operator

absolute_import

2.5.0a1

3.0

PEP

328:

Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative

with_statement

2.5.0a1

2.6

PEP

343:

The “with” Statement

print_function

2.6.0a2

3.0

PEP

3105:

Make print a function

unicode_literals

2.6.0a2

3.0

PEP

3112:

Bytes literals in Python 3000

示例：

Python

from platform import python_version

1

from platform import python_version

print函数

虽然print语法是Python 3中一个很小的改动，且应该已经广为人知，但依然值得提一下：Python 2中的print语句被Python 3中的print()函数取代，这意味着在Python 3中必须用括号将需要输出的对象括起来。

在Python 2中使用额外的括号也是可以的。但反过来在Python 3中想以Python2的形式不带括号调用print函数时，会触发SyntaxError。

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

print "Hello, World!"

print("Hello, World!")

print "text", ; print "print more text on the same line"

1

2

3

4

print "Python", python_version()

print "Hello, World!"

print("Hello, World!")

print "text", ; print "print more text on the same line"

Python

Python 2.7.6

Hello, World!

Hello, World!

text print more text on the same line

1

2

3

4

Python 2.7.6

Hello, World!

Hello, World!

text print more text on the same line

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

print("Hello, World!")

print("some text,", end="")

print(" print more text on the same line")

1

2

3

4

5

print("Python", python_version())

print("Hello, World!")

print("some text,", end="")

print(" print more text on the same line")

Python

Python 3.4.1

Hello, World!

some text, print more text on the same line

1

2

3

Python 3.4.1

Hello, World!

some text, print more text on the same line

Python

print "Hello, World!"

1

print "Hello, World!"

Python

File "", line 1

print "Hello, World!"

^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

1

2

3

4

File "", line 1

print "Hello, World!"

^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

注意：

在Python中，带不带括号输出”Hello World”都很正常。但如果在圆括号中同时输出多个对象时，就会创建一个元组，这是因为在Python 2中，print是一个语句，而不是函数调用。

Python

print "Python", python_version()

print("a", "b")

print "a", "b"

1

2

3

print "Python", python_version()

print("a", "b")

print "a", "b"

Python

Python 2.7.7

("a", "b")

a b

1

2

3

Python 2.7.7

("a", "b")

a b

整数除法

由于人们常常会忽视Python 3在整数除法上的改动（写错了也不会触发Syntax Error），所以在移植代码或在Python 2中执行Python 3的代码时，需要特别注意这个改动。

所以，我还是会在Python 3的脚本中尝试用float(3)/2或 3/2.0代替3/2，以此来避免代码在Python 2环境下可能导致的错误（或与之相反，在Python 2脚本中用from __future__ import division来使用Python 3的除法）。

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

print "3 / 2 =", 3 / 2

print "3 // 2 =", 3 // 2

print "3 / 2.0 =", 3 / 2.0

print "3 // 2.0 =", 3 // 2.0

1

2

3

4

5

print "Python", python_version()

print "3 / 2 =", 3 / 2

print "3 // 2 =", 3 // 2

print "3 / 2.0 =", 3 / 2.0

print "3 // 2.0 =", 3 // 2.0

Python

Python 2.7.6

3 / 2 = 1

3 // 2 = 1

3 / 2.0 = 1.5

3 // 2.0 = 1.0

1

2

3

4

5

Python 2.7.6

3 / 2 = 1

3 // 2 = 1

3 / 2.0 = 1.5

3 // 2.0 = 1.0

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

print("3 / 2 =", 3 / 2)

print("3 // 2 =", 3 // 2)

print("3 / 2.0 =", 3 / 2.0)

print("3 // 2.0 =", 3 // 2.0)

1

2

3

4

5

print("Python", python_version())

print("3 / 2 =", 3 / 2)

print("3 // 2 =", 3 // 2)

print("3 / 2.0 =", 3 / 2.0)

print("3 // 2.0 =", 3 // 2.0)

Python

Python 3.4.1

3 / 2 = 1.5

3 // 2 = 1

3 / 2.0 = 1.5

3 // 2.0 = 1.0

1

2

3

4

5

Python 3.4.1

3 / 2 = 1.5

3 // 2 = 1

3 / 2.0 = 1.5

3 // 2.0 = 1.0

Unicode

Python 2有基于ASCII的str()类型，其可通过单独的unicode()函数转成unicode类型，但没有byte类型。

而在Python 3中，终于有了Unicode（utf-8）字符串，以及两个字节类：bytes和bytearrays。

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

1

print "Python", python_version()

Python

Python 2.7.6

1

Python 2.7.6

Python

print type(unicode("this is like a python3 str type"))

1

print type(unicode("this is like a python3 str type"))

Python

1

Python

print type(b"byte type does not exist")

1

print type(b"byte type does not exist")

Python

1

Python

print "they are really" + b" the same"

1

print "they are really" + b" the same"

Python

they are really the same

1

they are really the same

Python

print type(bytearray(b"bytearray oddly does exist though"))

1

print type(bytearray(b"bytearray oddly does exist though"))

Python

1

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

print("strings are now utf-8 u03BCnicou0394é!")

1

2

print("Python", python_version())

print("strings are now utf-8 u03BCnicou0394é!")

Python

Python 3.4.1

strings are now utf-8 μnicoΔé!

1

2

Python 3.4.1

strings are now utf-8 μnicoΔé!

Python

print("Python", python_version(), end="")

print(" has", type(b" bytes for storing data"))

1

2

print("Python", python_version(), end="")

print(" has", type(b" bytes for storing data"))

Python

Python 3.4.1 has

1

Python 3.4.1 has

Python

print("and Python", python_version(), end="")

print(" also has", type(bytearray(b"bytearrays")))

1

2

print("and Python", python_version(), end="")

print(" also has", type(bytearray(b"bytearrays")))

Python

and Python 3.4.1 also has

1

and Python 3.4.1 also has

Python

"note that we cannot add a string" + b"bytes for data"

1

"note that we cannot add a string" + b"bytes for data"

Python

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 "note that we cannot add a string" + b"bytes for data"

TypeError: Can"t convert "bytes" object to str implicitly

1

2

3

4

5

6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 "note that we cannot add a string" + b"bytes for data"

TypeError: Can"t convert "bytes" object to str implicitly

xrange

在Python 2.x中，经常会用xrange()创建一个可迭代对象，通常出现在“for循环”或“列表/集合/字典推导式”中。

这种行为与生成器非常相似（如”惰性求值“），但这里的xrange-iterable无尽的，意味着可能在这个xrange上无限迭代。

由于xrange的“惰性求知“特性，如果只需迭代一次（如for循环中），range()通常比xrange()快一些。不过不建议在多次迭代中使用range()，因为range()每次都会在内存中重新生成一个列表。

在Python 3中，range()的实现方式与xrange()函数相同，所以就不存在专用的xrange()（在Python 3中使用xrange()会触发NameError）。

Python

import timeit

n = 10000

def test_range(n):

return for i in range(n):

pass

def test_xrange(n):

for i in xrange(n):

pass

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

import timeit

n = 10000

def test_range(n):

return for i in range(n):

pass

def test_xrange(n):

for i in xrange(n):

pass

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

print "ntiming range()"

%timeit test_range(n)

print "nntiming xrange()"

%timeit test_xrange(n)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

print "Python", python_version()

print "ntiming range()"

%timeit test_range(n)

print "nntiming xrange()"

%timeit test_xrange(n)

Python

Python 2.7.6

timing range()

1000 loops, best of 3: 433 µs per loop

timing xrange()

1000 loops, best of 3: 350 µs per loop

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Python 2.7.6

timing range()

1000 loops, best of 3: 433 µs per loop

timing xrange()

1000 loops, best of 3: 350 µs per loop

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

print("ntiming range()")

%timeit test_range(n)

1

2

3

4

print("Python", python_version())

print("ntiming range()")

%timeit test_range(n)

Python

Python 3.4.1

timing range()

1000 loops, best of 3: 520 µs per loop

1

2

3

4

Python 3.4.1

timing range()

1000 loops, best of 3: 520 µs per loop

Python

print(xrange(10))

1

print(xrange(10))

Python

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

NameError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 print(xrange(10))

NameError: name "xrange" is not defined

1

2

3

4

5

6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

NameError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 print(xrange(10))

NameError: name "xrange" is not defined

Python 3中的range对象中的__contains__方法

另一个值得一提的是，在Python 3.x中，range有了一个新的__contains__方法。__contains__方法可以有效的加快Python 3.x中整数和布尔型的“查找”速度。

Python

x = 10000000

def val_in_range(x, val):

return val in range(x)

def val_in_xrange(x, val):

return val in xrange(x)

print("Python", python_version())

assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)

assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x//2)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

x = 10000000

def val_in_range(x, val):

return val in range(x)

def val_in_xrange(x, val):

return val in xrange(x)

print("Python", python_version())

assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)

assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x//2)

Python

Python 3.4.1

1 loops, best of 3: 742 ms per loop

1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 µs per loop

1

2

3

Python 3.4.1

1 loops, best of 3: 742 ms per loop

1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 µs per loop

根据上面的timeit的结果，查找整数比查找浮点数要快大约6万倍。但由于Python 2.x中的range或xrange没有__contains__方法，所以在Python 2中的整数和浮点数的查找速度差别不大。

Python

print "Python", python_version()

assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0) == True)

assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2) == True)

assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)

assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)

%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0)

%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2.0)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

print "Python", python_version()

assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0) == True)

assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2) == True)

assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)

assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)

%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0)

%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2.0)

%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)

Python

Python 2.7.7

1 loops, best of 3: 285 ms per loop

1 loops, best of 3: 179 ms per loop

1 loops, best of 3: 658 ms per loop

1 loops, best of 3: 556 ms per loop

1

2

3

4

5

Python 2.7.7

1 loops, best of 3: 285 ms per loop

1 loops, best of 3: 179 ms per loop

1 loops, best of 3: 658 ms per loop

1 loops, best of 3: 556 ms per loop

下面的代码证明了Python 2.x中没有__contain__方法：

Python

print("Python", python_version())

range.__contains__

1

2

print("Python", python_version())

range.__contains__

Python

Python 3.4.1

1

2

Python 3.4.1

Python

print("Python", python_version())

range.__contains__

1

2

print("Python", python_version())

range.__contains__

Python

Python 2.7.7

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print "Python", python_version()

----> 2 range.__contains__

AttributeError: "builtin_function_or_method" object has no attribute "__contains__"

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Python 2.7.7

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print "Python", python_version()

----> 2 range.__contains__

AttributeError: "builtin_function_or_method" object has no attribute "__contains__"

Python

print("Python", python_version())

xrange.__contains__

1

2

print("Python", python_version())

xrange.__contains__

Python

Python 2.7.7

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print "Python", python_version()

----> 2 xrange.__contains__

AttributeError: type object "xrange" has no attribute "__contains__"

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Python 2.7.7

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print "Python", python_version()

----> 2 xrange.__contains__

AttributeError: type object "xrange" has no attribute "__contains__"

关于Python 2中xrange()与Python 3中range()之间的速度差异的一点说明：

有读者指出了Python 3中的range()和Python 2中xrange()执行速度有差异。由于这两者的实现方式相同，因此理论上执行速度应该也是相同的。这里的速度差别仅仅是因为Python 3的总体速度就比Python 2慢。

Python

def test_while():

i = 0

while i < 20000:

i += 1

return

1

2

3

4

5

def test_while():

i = 0

while i < 20000:

i += 1

return

Python

print("Python", python_version())

%timeit test_while()

1

2

print("Python", python_version())

%timeit test_while()

Python

Python 3.4.1

%timeit test_while()

100 loops, best of 3: 2.68 ms per loop

1

2

3

4

Python 3.4.1

%timeit test_while()

100 loops, best of 3: 2.68 ms per loop

Python

print "Python", python_version()

%timeit test_while()

1

2

print "Python", python_version()

%timeit test_while()

Python

Python 2.7.6

1000 loops, best of 3: 1.72 ms per loop

1

2

Python 2.7.6

1000 loops, best of 3: 1.72 ms per loop

触发异常

Python 2支持新旧两种异常触发语法，而Python 3只接受带括号的的语法（不然会触发SyntaxError）：

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

1

print "Python", python_version()

Python

Python 2.7.6

1

Python 2.7.6

Python

raise IOError, "file error"

1

raise IOError, "file error"

Python

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IOError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 raise IOError, "file error"

IOError: file error

1

2

3

4

5

6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IOError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 raise IOError, "file error"

IOError: file error

Python

raise IOError("file error")

1

raise IOError("file error")

Python

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IOError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 raise IOError("file error")

IOError: file error

1

2

3

4

5

6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IOError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 raise IOError("file error")

IOError: file error

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

1

print("Python", python_version())

Python

Python 3.4.1

1

Python 3.4.1

Python

raise IOError, "file error"

1

raise IOError, "file error"

Python

File "", line 1

raise IOError, "file error"

^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

The proper way to raise an exception in Python 3:

1

2

3

4

5

File "", line 1

raise IOError, "file error"

^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

The proper way to raise an exception in Python 3:

Python

print("Python", python_version())

raise IOError("file error")

1

2

print("Python", python_version())

raise IOError("file error")

Python

Python 3.4.1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

OSError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print("Python", python_version())

----> 2 raise IOError("file error")

OSError: file error

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Python 3.4.1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

OSError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print("Python", python_version())

----> 2 raise IOError("file error")

OSError: file error

异常处理

Python 3中的异常处理也发生了一点变化。在Python 3中必须使用“as”关键字。

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

try:

let_us_cause_a_NameError

except NameError, err:

print err, "--> our error message"

1

2

3

4

5

print "Python", python_version()

try:

let_us_cause_a_NameError

except NameError, err:

print err, "--> our error message"

Python

Python 2.7.6

name "let_us_cause_a_NameError" is not defined --> our error message

1

2

Python 2.7.6

name "let_us_cause_a_NameError" is not defined --> our error message

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

try:

let_us_cause_a_NameError

except NameError as err:

print(err, "--> our error message")

1

2

3

4

5

print("Python", python_version())

try:

let_us_cause_a_NameError

except NameError as err:

print(err, "--> our error message")

Python

Python 3.4.1

name "let_us_cause_a_NameError" is not defined --> our error message

1

2

Python 3.4.1

name "let_us_cause_a_NameError" is not defined --> our error message

next()函数和.next()方法

由于会经常用到next()（.next()）函数（方法），所以还要提到另一个语法改动（实现方面也做了改动）：在Python 2.7.5中，函数形式和方法形式都可以使用，而在Python 3中，只能使用next()函数（试图调用.next()方法会触发AttributeError）。

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

my_generator = (letter for letter in "abcdefg")

next(my_generator)

my_generator.next()

1

2

3

4

print "Python", python_version()

my_generator = (letter for letter in "abcdefg")

next(my_generator)

my_generator.next()

Python

Python 2.7.6

"b"

1

2

Python 2.7.6

"b"

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

my_generator = (letter for letter in "abcdefg")

next(my_generator)

1

2

3

print("Python", python_version())

my_generator = (letter for letter in "abcdefg")

next(my_generator)

Python

Python 3.4.1

"a"

1

2

Python 3.4.1

"a"

Python

my_generator.next()

1

my_generator.next()

Python

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 my_generator.next()

AttributeError: "generator" object has no attribute "next"

1

2

3

4

5

6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1 my_generator.next()

AttributeError: "generator" object has no attribute "next"

For循环变量与全局命名空间泄漏

好消息是：在Python 3.x中，for循环中的变量不再会泄漏到全局命名空间中了！

这是Python 3.x中做的一个改动，在“What’s New In Python 3.0”中有如下描述：

“列表推导不再支持[… for var in item1, item2, …]这样的语法，使用[… for var in (item1, item2, …)]代替。还要注意列表推导有不同的语义：现在列表推导更接近list()构造器中的生成器表达式这样的语法糖，特别要注意的是，循环控制变量不会再泄漏到循环周围的空间中了。”

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

i = 1

print "before: i =", i

print "comprehension: ", [i for i in range(5)]

print "after: i =", i

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

print "Python", python_version()

i = 1

print "before: i =", i

print "comprehension: ", [i for i in range(5)]

print "after: i =", i

Python

Python 2.7.6

before: i = 1

comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

after: i = 4

1

2

3

4

Python 2.7.6

before: i = 1

comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

after: i = 4

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

i = 1

print("before: i =", i)

print("comprehension:", [i for i in range(5)])

print("after: i =", i)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

print("Python", python_version())

i = 1

print("before: i =", i)

print("comprehension:", [i for i in range(5)])

print("after: i =", i)

Python

Python 3.4.1

before: i = 1

comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

after: i = 1

1

2

3

4

Python 3.4.1

before: i = 1

comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

after: i = 1

比较无序类型

Python 3中另一个优秀的改动是，如果我们试图比较无序类型，会触发一个TypeError。

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

print "[1, 2] > "foo" = ", [1, 2] > "foo"

print "(1, 2) > "foo" = ", (1, 2) > "foo"

print "[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2)

1

2

3

4

print "Python", python_version()

print "[1, 2] > "foo" = ", [1, 2] > "foo"

print "(1, 2) > "foo" = ", (1, 2) > "foo"

print "[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2)

Python

Python 2.7.6

[1, 2] > "foo" = False

(1, 2) > "foo" = True

[1, 2] > (1, 2) = False

1

2

3

4

Python 2.7.6

[1, 2] > "foo" = False

(1, 2) > "foo" = True

[1, 2] > (1, 2) = False

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

print("[1, 2] > "foo" = ", [1, 2] > "foo")

print("(1, 2) > "foo" = ", (1, 2) > "foo")

print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))

1

2

3

4

print("Python", python_version())

print("[1, 2] > "foo" = ", [1, 2] > "foo")

print("(1, 2) > "foo" = ", (1, 2) > "foo")

print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))

Python

Python 3.4.1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print("Python", python_version())

----> 2 print("[1, 2] > "foo" = ", [1, 2] > "foo")

3 print("(1, 2) > "foo" = ", (1, 2) > "foo")

4 print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))

TypeError: unorderable types: list() > str()

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Python 3.4.1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

1 print("Python", python_version())

----> 2 print("[1, 2] > "foo" = ", [1, 2] > "foo")

3 print("(1, 2) > "foo" = ", (1, 2) > "foo")

4 print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))

TypeError: unorderable types: list() > str()

通过input()解析用户的输入

幸运的是，Python 3改进了input()函数，这样该函数就会总是将用户的输入存储为str对象。在Python 2中，为了避免读取非字符串类型会发生的一些危险行为，不得不使用raw_input()代替input()。

Python 2

Python

Python 2.7.6

[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> my_input = input("enter a number: ")

enter a number: 123

>>> type(my_input)

>>> my_input = raw_input("enter a number: ")

enter a number: 123

>>> type(my_input)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Python 2.7.6

[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> my_input = input("enter a number: ")

enter a number: 123

>>> type(my_input)

>>> my_input = raw_input("enter a number: ")

enter a number: 123

>>> type(my_input)

Python 3

Python

Python 3.4.1

[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5577)] on darwin

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> my_input = input("enter a number: ")

enter a number: 123

>>> type(my_input)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Python 3.4.1

[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5577)] on darwin

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> my_input = input("enter a number: ")

enter a number: 123

>>> type(my_input)

返回可迭代对象，而不是列表

在xrange一节中可以看到，某些函数和方法在Python中返回的是可迭代对象，而不像在Python 2中返回列表。

由于通常对这些对象只遍历一次，所以这种方式会节省很多内存。然而，如果通过生成器来多次迭代这些对象，效率就不高了。

此时我们的确需要列表对象，可以通过list()函数简单的将可迭代对象转成列表。

Python 2

Python

print "Python", python_version()

print range(3)

print type(range(3))

1

2

3

4

print "Python", python_version()

print range(3)

print type(range(3))

Python

Python 2.7.6

[0, 1, 2]

1

2

3

Python 2.7.6

[0, 1, 2]

Python 3

Python

print("Python", python_version())

print(range(3))

print(type(range(3)))

print(list(range(3)))

1

2

3

4

print("Python", python_version())

print(range(3))

print(type(range(3)))

print(list(range(3)))

Python

Python 3.4.1

range(0, 3)

[0, 1, 2]

1

2

3

4

Python 3.4.1

range(0, 3)

[0, 1, 2]

下面列出了Python 3中其他不再返回列表的常用函数和方法：

zip()

map()

filter()

字典的.key()方法

字典的.value()方法

字典的.item()方法