learning python_Learning Python整理之：Built-in Data Types

'''代码源于书中例子，直接上码'''

import sys

from fractions import Fraction

from decimal import Decimal as D # rename for brevity

from operator import itemgetter

from collections import namedtuple

from collections import defaultdict

from collections import ChainMap

''''Integers使用'''

a = 12

b =3

print(a+b) # 相加 15

print(b-a) # 相减 -9

print(a//b) # 整除 4

print(a/b) # 真除 4.0

print(a*b) # 相乘 36

print(b**a) # 幂操作 531441

print(2**1024) # 幂操作 python可以处理非常大的数值操作

#true division (/) integer division (//)

print(7/4)

print(7//4)

print(-7/4)

print(-7//4)

print(10%3)#等价于10//3的余数

print(10%4)#等价于10//4的余数

'''Booleans使用'''

int(True) # True behaves like 1

int(False)#False behaves like 0

bool(1) #1 evaluates to True in a boolean context

bool(-42) # and so does every non-zero number

bool(0) # 0 evaluates to False

not True #False

not False #True

True and True #True

False or True #True

1 + True #2

False + 42 #42

7 - True # 6

'''Reals 实数的使用'''

pi = 3.1415926536 # how many digits of PI can you remember?

radius = 4.5

area = pi * (radius ** 2)

print(area)

print(sys.float_info)

print(3 * 0.1-0.3)# this should be 0!!! but answer is:5.551115123125783e-17

'''Complex numbers复数的使用'''

c = 3.14 + 2.73j

c.real # real part实数部分

c.imag # imaginary part虚数部分

c.conjugate() # conjugate of A + Bj is A - Bj

c * 2 # multiplication is allowed

c ** 2 # power operation as well

d = 1 + 1j # addition and subtraction as well

c - d

'''Fractions and decimals 分数和小数的使用'''

Fraction(10, 6) # mad hatter?

Fraction(1, 3) + Fraction(2, 3) # 1/3 + 2/3 = 3/3 = 1/1

f = Fraction(10, 6)

f.numerator #分子

f.denominator#分母

D(3.14) # pi, from float, so approximation issues

D('3.14') # pi, from a string, so no approximation issues(近似法问题)

D(0.1) * D(3) - D(0.3) # from float, we still have the issue

D('0.1') * D(3) - D('0.3') # from string, all perfect

'''Strings and bytes'''

# 4 ways to make a string

str1 = 'This is a string. We built it with single quotes.'

str2 = "This is also a string, but built with double quotes."

str3 = '''This is built using triple quotes,... so it can span multiple lines.'''

str4 = """This too... is a multiline one... built with triple double-quotes."""

len(str1)

#Encoding and decoding strings

s = "This is üŋíc0de" # unicode string: code points

encoded_s = s.encode('utf-8') # utf-8 encoded version of s

encoded_s.decode('utf-8') # let's revert to the original

'''Indexing and slicing strings'''

s = "The trouble is you think you have time."

s[0] # indexing at position 0, which is the first char:'T'

s[5] # indexing at position 5, which is the sixth char :'r'

s[:4] # slicing, we specify only the stop position: 'The '

s[4:] # slicing, we specify only the start position : 'trouble is you think you have time.'

s[2:14] # slicing, both start and stop positions :'e trouble is'

s[2:14:3] # slicing, start, stop and step (every 3 chars) : 'erb '

s[:] # quick way of making a copy : 'The trouble is you think you have time.'

'''Tuples元组的使用'''

t = () # empty tuple

type(t)

one_element_tuple = (42, ) # you need the comma!

three_elements_tuple = (1, 3, 5)

a, b, c = 1, 2, 3 # tuple for multiple assignment

a, b, c # implicit tuple to print with one instruction

print(3 in three_elements_tuple) # membership test

a, b = 1, 2

c = a # we need three lines and a temporary var c

a = b

b = c

a, b # a and b have been swapped

#another way

a, b = b, a # this is the Pythonic way to do it(swapped)

'''Lists使用'''

[] # empty list

list() # same as []

[1, 2, 3] # as with tuples, items are comma separated

[x + 5 for x in [2, 3, 4]] # Python is magic ：[7, 8, 9]

list((1, 3, 5, 7, 9)) # list from a tuple

list('hello') # list from a string:['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']

a = [1, 2, 1, 3]

a.append(13) # we can append anything at the end : [1, 2, 1, 3, 13]

a.count(1) # how many `1` are there in the list? 2

a.extend([5, 7]) #extend the list by another (or sequence) [1, 2, 1, 3, 13, 5, 7]

a.index(13) # position of `13` in the list (0-based indexing) 4

a.insert(0, 17) #insert `17` at position 0 [17, 1, 2, 1, 3, 13, 5, 7]

a.pop() # pop (remove and return) last element 7

a.pop(3) # pop element at position 3 :1

a.remove(17) # remove `17` from the list

a.reverse() # reverse the order of the elements in the list

a.sort() # sort the list

a.clear() # remove all elements from the list

a = list('hello') # makes a list from a string

a.append(100) # append 100, heterogeneous type

a.extend((1, 2, 3)) # extend using tuple

a.extend('...') # extend using string

a = [1, 3, 5, 7]

min(a) # minimum value in the list 1

max(a) #maximum value in the list

sum(a) #sum of all values in the list 16

len(a) # number of elements in the list

b=[6, 7, 8]

a + b # `+` with list means concatenation [1, 3, 5, 7, 6, 7, 8]

a * 2 # `*` has also a special meaning [1, 3, 5, 7, 1, 3, 5, 7]

a = [(5, 3), (1, 3), (1, 2), (2, -1), (4, 9)]

sorted(a)

sorted(a, key=itemgetter(0))

sorted(a, key=itemgetter(0, 1))

sorted(a, key=itemgetter(1))

sorted(a, key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True)

'''Byte arrays'''

bytearray() # empty bytearray object

bytearray(10)# zero-filled instance with given length bytearray(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')

bytearray(range(5)) # bytearray from iterable of integers bytearray(b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04')

name = bytearray(b'Lina') # A - bytearray from bytes

name.replace(b'L', b'l') #bytearray(b'lina')

name.endswith(b'na')#True

name.upper()

name.count(b'L')

'''Set'''

small_primes = set() # empty set

small_primes.add(2) # adding one element at a time

small_primes.add(3)

small_primes.add(5)

print(small_primes) # {2, 3, 5}

small_primes.add(1) # Look what I've done, 1 is not a prime! {1, 2, 3, 5}

small_primes.remove(1) # so let's remove it

print(3 in small_primes) # membership test

print(4 in small_primes)

print(4 not in small_primes)

small_primes.add(3) # trying to add 3 again; no change, duplication is not allowed

bigger_primes = set([5, 7, 11, 13]) # faster creation

small_primes | bigger_primes # union operator `|` {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}

small_primes & bigger_primes # intersection operator `&` 取得交集 {5}

small_primes - bigger_primes # difference operator `-` {2, 3}

#immutable set :frozenset

small_primes = frozenset([2, 3, 5, 7])

bigger_primes = frozenset([5, 7, 11])

small_primes.add(11) # we cannot add to a frozenset

small_primes.remove(2) # neither we can remove

small_primes & bigger_primes # intersect, union, etc. allowed

'''dictionaries'''

a = dict(A=1, Z=-1)

b = {'A': 1, 'Z': -1}

c = dict(zip(['A', 'Z'], [1, -1]))

d = dict([('A', 1), ('Z', -1)])

e = dict({'Z': -1, 'A': 1})

print(a == b == c == d == e) # are they all the same?True # indeed!

list(zip(['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])) # [('h', 1), ('e', 2), ('l', 3), ('l', 4), ('o', 5)]

list(zip('hello', range(1, 6))) # equivalent, more Pythonic [('h', 1), ('e', 2), ('l', 3), ('l', 4), ('o', 5)]

d = {}

d['a'] = 1 # let's set a couple of (key, value) pairs

d['b'] = 2

len(d) # how many pairs?

d['a'] #what is the value of 'a'?

del d['a'] # let's remove `a`

d['c'] = 3 # let's add 'c': 3

print('c' in d) # membership is checked against the keys

print(3 in d) # not the values

d.clear()

d = dict(zip('hello', range(5))) #{'e': 1, 'h': 0, 'o': 4, 'l': 3}

d.keys() #dict_keys(['e', 'h', 'o', 'l'])

d.values()#dict_values([1, 0, 4, 3])

d.items()#dict_items([('e', 1), ('h', 0), ('o', 4), ('l', 3)])

print(3 in d.values())#True

print(('o', 4) in d.items())

d.popitem() # removes a random item

d.pop('l') # remove item with key `l`

d.pop('not-a-key') #remove a key not in dictionary: KeyError Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in KeyError: 'not-a-key'

d.pop('not-a-key', 'default-value') # with a default value?'default-value' # we get the default value

d.update({'another': 'value'}) # we can update dict this way

d.update(a=13) # or this way (like a function call)

d.get('a') # same as d['a'] but if key is missing no KeyError

d.get('a', 177) # default value used if key is missing

d = {}

d.setdefault('a', 1) # 'a' is missing, we get default value

d.setdefault('a', 5) # let's try to override the value

'''collections使用 '''

#namedtuple

Vision = namedtuple('Vision', ['left', 'right'])

vision = Vision(9.5, 8.8)

vision[0]

vision.left # same as vision[0], but explicit

vision.right # same as vision[1], but explicit

Vision = namedtuple('Vision', ['left', 'combined', 'right'])

vision = Vision(9.5, 9.2, 8.8)

vision.left # still perfect

vision.right # still perfect (though now is vision[2])

vision.combined # the new vision[1]

#Defaultdict

d = {}

d['age'] = d.get('age', 0) + 1 # age not there, we get 0 + 1

d = {'age': 39}

d['age'] = d.get('age', 0) + 1 # d is there, we get 40

dd = defaultdict(int) # int is the default type (0 the value)

dd['age'] += 1 # short for dd['age'] = dd['age'] + 1

dd['age'] = 39

dd['age'] += 1

#ChainMap

default_connection = {'host': 'localhost', 'port': 4567}

connection = {'port': 5678}

conn = ChainMap(connection, default_connection) # map creation

conn['port'] # port is found in the first dictionary 5678

conn['host'] # host is fetched from the second dictionary 'localhost'

conn.maps # we can see the mapping objects [{'port': 5678}, {'host': 'localhost', 'port': 4567}]

conn['host'] = 'packtpub.com' # let's add host

print(conn.maps)#[{'host': 'packtpub.com', 'port': 5678},{'host': 'localhost', 'port': 4567}]

del conn['port'] # let's remove the port information

dict(conn) # easy to merge and convert to regular dictionary

'''Small values caching 小的数值缓存'''

a = 1000000

b = 1000000

print(id(a) == id(b))# False

a = 5

b = 5

print(id(a) == id(b))# True Oh oh! Is Python broken? 哈哈