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最新推荐文章于 2021-07-03 07:43:22 发布

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文章标签：对‘pthread_create’未定义的引用对‘ssl_connect’未定义的引用

我当年写论文的时，有时候不怕听到老师说今天要读哪一本书，最怕是老师说要用什么文献引用格式，APA引用格式可是我的老冤家了（怨念脸）~

根据维基百科，APA引用格式是“一个广为接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。”

作为一种接受度还算不错的引文格式，我当年甚至做了厚厚的笔记，方便在写论文的时候进行对照，现在既然能够用专栏写文章，不如就重新总结一版电子版笔记，方便我之后写论文的时候用，如果大家也有这方面的需要，希望这篇文章也能帮助到各位。之后有时间再出一个Chicago的文章。

一. APA引文的核心元素

如下：

引用作者的准则：

①姓名首字母要分开，以句号结尾，例如：Mitchell. J.A

②多个作者姓名之间要用逗号隔开和&符号隔开，例如：Mitchell. J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne. R

③多个作者且有相同姓氏和首字母时，要把他们的名字加在[]中，例如：Mendeley, J. [James].

引用日期的准则：

①日期即是发表的日期。

②如果日期不详，就在日期的位置用'n.d'代替。例如：Mendeley, J. A. (n.d)

标题引用规则：

①格式根据所引用的内容而变化。

出版社/出版地引用规则：

①如果是在美国，必须注明城市和所属州的两字母代码，例如：San Francisco, CA

②如果不是在美国，国家和城市必须注明，例如：Sydney, Australia

URL引用规则：

如果是线上资源，那么就要注明url

二. APA文内引用

In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or paraphrase taken from another piece of work.

In-text citations are citations within the main body of the text and refer to a direct quote or paraphrase. They correspond to a reference in the main reference list. These citations include the surname of the author and date of publication only. Using an example author James Mitchell, this takes the form:

Mitchell (2017) states… Or …(Mitchell, 2017).

The structure of this changes depending on whether a direct quote or parenthetical used:

Direct Quote: The citation must follow the quote directly and contain a page number after the date, for example (Mitchell, 2017, p.104). This rule holds for all of the variations listed.
Parenthetical: The page number is not needed.

在文内引用中，引用必须在直接引文或转述引文之后。

举例：Mitchell (2017) states… 或者 …(Mitchell, 2017).

直接引文：引用必须直接跟在引文后面，并在日期后包含页码，例如(Mitchell, 2017, p.104). 此规则适用于列出的所有变体。

附注引文：不需要页码。

Two Authors（两位作者）:

The surname of both authors is stated with either ‘and’ or an ampersand between. For example:

Mitchell and Smith (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell & Smith, 2017).

两位作者的姓氏用“and”或“&”连接。

举例：Mitchell and Smith (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell & Smith, 2017).

Three, Four or Five Authors（三到五位作者）:

For the first cite, all names should be listed:

Mitchell, Smith, and Thomson (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell, Smith, & Thomson, 2017).

Further cites can be shorted to the first author’s name followed by et al:

Mitchell et al (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell et al, 2017).

首次引用时应列出所有人的名字：

Mitchell, Smith, and Thomson (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell, Smith, & Thomson, 2017).

之后的引文可以简写为第一作者的名字，后跟"et al"：

Mitchell et al (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell et al, 2017).

Six or More Authors（六位作者以上）:

Only the first author’s surname should be stated followed by et al, see the above example.

只有第一作者的姓氏被列出，后跟et al。

No Authors（作者不详）:

If the author is unknown, the first few words of the reference should be used. This is usually the title of the source.

If this is the title of a book, periodical, brochure or report, is should be italicised. For example:

(A guide to citation, 2017).

If this is the title of an article, chapter or web page, it should be in quotation marks. For example:

(“APA Citation”, 2017).

如果作者不详，应使用参考文献中的前几个词。通常是资源的标题。

如果这是一本书、期刊、小册子或报告的标题，则应斜体。

举例：(“APA Citation”, 2017).

如果这是文章、书的章节或网页的标题，则应使用引号。

举例：(“APA Citation”, 2017).

Citing Authors With Multiple Works From One Year（引用作者同一年的多部作品）:

Works should be cited with a, b, c etc following the date. These letters are assigned within the reference list, which is sorted alphabetically by the surname of the first author. For example:

(Mitchell, 2017a) Or (Mitchell, 2017b).

作品应在日期后加上a、b、c等。这些字母被分配在参考文献列表中，文献列表按第一作者的姓氏按字母顺序排序。

举例：(Mitchell, 2017a) Or (Mitchell, 2017b).

Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses（在一个括号里引用多部作品）:

If these works are by the same author, the surname is stated once followed by the dates in order chronologically. For instance:

Mitchell (2007, 2013, 2017) Or (Mitchell, 2007, 2013, 2017)

If these works are by multiple authors then the references are ordered alphabetically by the first author separated by a semicolon as follows:

(Mitchell & Smith 2017; Thomson, Coyne, & Davis, 2015).

如果这些作品出自同一作者之手，则应该在姓氏之后按时间顺序加上日期。

举例：Mitchell (2007, 2013, 2017) Or (Mitchell, 2007, 2013, 2017)

如果这些作品由多个作者撰写，则参考文献按第一作者的首字母顺序排序，并用分号分隔，如下所示：

(Mitchell & Smith 2017; Thomson, Coyne, & Davis, 2015).

Citing a Group or Organisation（引用团体或组织）:

For the first cite, the full name of the group must be used. Subsequently this can be shortened. For example:

First cite: (International Citation Association, 2015)

Further Cites: (Citation Association, 2015)

第一次引用时，必须使用团体全名。之后可以简写。例如：

第一次引用：(International Citation Association, 2015)

之后引用：(Citation Association, 2015)

Citing a Secondary Source（引用次级资料来源）:

In this situation the original author and date should be stated first followed by ‘as cited in’ followed by the author and date of the secondary source. For example:

Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017)

在这种情况下，应首先说明原文作者和日期，然后是“引用于”，然后是次级资料来源的作者和日期。

举例：Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017)

三. APA如何引用不同的资源类型

In-text citation doesn’t vary depending on source type, unless the author is unknown.
Reference list citations are highly variable depending on the source.

除非作者不详，否则文内引用并不因来源类型而异。

参考文献列表的引文因来源而异。

How to Cite a Book (Title, not chapter) in APA Format（如何引用书（标题，而非章节））

Book referencing is the most basic style; it matches the template above, minus the URL section. So the basic format of a book reference is as follows:

图书引用可以采取基本的样式；它与上面的模板匹配，不包括URL部分。所以参考书的基本格式如下：

Book referencing examples（引用图书示例）:

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. London, England: My Publisher

Jones, A.F & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular creatures: The Amazon rainforest (2nd ed.). San Jose, Costa Rica: My Publisher

How to Cite an Edited Book in APA Format（如何引用学术文集）

This reference format is very similar to the book format apart from one extra inclusion: (Ed(s)). The basic format is as follows:

除了一个额外标注：(Ed(s)).，这个格式与书籍引用格式非常相似。基本格式如下：

Edited book example（引用学术文集示例）:

Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.). New York, NY: My Publisher

How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in APA Format（如何引用学术文集中的章节）

Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. To reference a single chapter, a different format is needed. The basic structure is as follows:

学术文集是对不同作者所写章节的整理。要引用单个章节，需要使用不同的格式。基本结构如下：

Edited book chapter example（引用学术文集中章节示例）:

In the following example, B.N. Troy is the author of the chapter and S.T. Williams is the editor.

在下面的示例中，B.N. Troy是章节作者，B.N. Troy 是编辑。

Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.

How to Cite an E-Book in APA Format（如何引用电子书）

An E-Book reference is the same as a book reference expect the publisher is swapped for a URL. The basic structure is as follows:

电子书与图书是一样的，只是出版商被换成了URL。基本结构如下：

Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL

*optional.

E-Book example（引用电子书示例）:

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager

How to Cite an E-Book Chapter in APA Format（如何引用电子书章节）

This follows the same structure as an edited book chapter reference except the publisher is exchanged for a URL. The structure is as follows:

遵循与学术文献引用相同的结构，只是以URL替代了出版社。结构如下：

Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In editor initial(s), surname (Ed.). Title (ed., pp.chapter page range). Retrieved from URL

E-Book chapter example（引用电子书示例）:

Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager

How to Cite a Journal Article in Print or Online in APA Format（如何引用纸质或在线期刊文章）：

Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher location are not included. For journal articles, these are replaced with the journal title, volume number, issue number and page number. The basic structure is:

文章与图书引文的不同之处在于：不包括出版社和出版社所在地。对于期刊文章，这些则被替换为期刊标题、卷号、发行号和页码。基本结构是：

Journal Article Examples（纸质或在线期刊文章引用示例）:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager

How to Cite a Newspaper Articles in Print or Online in APA Format（如何引用纸质或在线报纸文章）：

The basic structure is as follows:

基本结构如下：

作者姓氏，首字母。（年、月、日）。标题。报纸名称，专栏/版面、页码， URL*

**只有在文章在线时才使用。

注：日期包括年、月、日。

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Title of Newspaper, column/section, p. or pp. Retrieved from URL*

**Only include if the article is online.

Note: the date includes the year, month and date.

Newspaper Articles Example（报纸引用示例）:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to citation formats shake the research world. The Mendeley Telegraph, Research News, pp.9. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager

How to Cite Magazine Articles in Print or Online in APA Format（如何引用纸质或在线杂志文章）

The basic structure is as follows:

基本结构如下：

作者姓氏，首字母。（年、月、日）。标题。杂志名称，页码

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title of the Magazine, pp.

Magazine Article Example（杂志引用示例）:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation changed the research world. The Mendeley, pp. 26-28

How to Cite Non-Print Material in APA Format（如何引用非印刷材料）

How to Cite an Image in APA Format（如何引用图片）

The basic format to cite an image is（形式如下）:

Image Example（示例）:

Millais, J.E. (1851-1852). Ophelia [painting]. Retrieved from www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-ophelia-n01506

How to Cite a Film in APA Format（如何引用电影）

The basic format of a film citation is（形式如下）:

Producer surname, initial (Producer), & Director surname, initial (Director). (Year of Release). Title of film [Motion Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Film Example（示例）:

Hitchcock, A. (Producer), & Hitchcock, A. (1954) Rear window. United States of America: Paramount Pictures.

How to Cite a TV Programme in APA Format（如何引用电视节目）：

The basic format is as follows（形式）:

Writer surname, initial(s) (Writer), & Director surname, initial(s) (Director). (Year of Release). Episode title [Television series episode]. In Executive producer surname, initial(s) (Executive Producer), TV series name. City, State of original channel: Network, Studio or Distributor

TV Programme Example（示例）:

Catlin, M., and Walley-Beckett, Moire (Writers), & Johnson, R (Director). (2010). Fly [Television series episode]. In Schnauz, T. (Executive Producer). Breaking bad. Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures Television

How to Cite a Song in APA Format（如何引用歌曲）：

The basic format to cite a song in APA format is as follows（形式）:

Song Example（示例）:

Beyonce, Diplo, MNEK, Koenig, E., Haynie, E., Tillman, J., and Rhoden, S.M. (2016) Hold up [Recorded by Beyonce]. On Lemonade [visual album]. New York, NY: Parkwood Records (August 16)

How to Cite a Website in APA Format（如何引用网页）：

When citing a website, the basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Retrieved from URL

Website example（示例）:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How and when to reference. Retrieved from https://www.howandwhentoreference.com.

To learn more about citing a web page and entire websites in APA, MLA or Harvard check out How to Cite a Website post.

For a summary of all the references for each source type along with examples take a look at our Ultimate Citation Cheat Sheet. It also contains examples for MLA 8 and Harvard formats.

P.S.: 作者对照图：