来源于Oracle官方文档，为了工作中方便使用，这里截取下来供参考：
Table 3-15 Datetime Format ElementsElementTO_* datetime functions?Description-
/
,
.
;
:
"text"YesPunctuation and quoted text is reproduced in the result.
AD
A.D.YesAD indicator with or without periods.
AM
A.M.YesMeridian indicator with or without periods.
BC
B.C.YesBC indicator with or without periods.
CC
SCCCentury.If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are between 01 and 99 (inclusive), then the century is one greater than the first 2 digits of that year.
If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are 00, then the century is the same as the first 2 digits of that year.
For example, 2002 returns 21; 2000 returns 20.
DYesDay of week (1-7). This element depends on the NLS territory of the session.
DAYYesName of day.
DDYesDay of month (1-31).
DDDYesDay of year (1-366).
DLYesReturns a value in the long date format, which is an extension of the Oracle Database DATE format, determined by the current value of the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter. Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, Month dd, yyyy'. In the GERMAN_GERMANY locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, dd. Month yyyy'.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element, separated by white space.
DSYesReturns a value in the short date format. Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format 'MM/DD/RRRR'. In the ENGLISH_UNITED_KINGDOM locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format 'DD/MM/RRRR'.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element, separated by white space.
DYYesAbbreviated name of day.
EYesAbbreviated era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).
EEYesFull era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).
FF [1..9]YesFractional seconds; no radix character is printed. Use the X format element to add the radix character. Use the numbers 1 to 9 after FF to specify the number of digits in the fractional second portion of the datetime value returned. If you do not specify a digit, then Oracle Database uses the precision specified for the datetime data type or the data type's default precision. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.
Examples: 'HH:MI:SS.FF'
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP, 'SS.FF3') from DUAL;
FMYesReturns a value with no leading or trailing blanks.
FXYesRequires exact matching between the character data and the format model.
HH
HH12YesHour of day (1-12).
HH24YesHour of day (0-23).
IWWeek of year (1-52 or 1-53) based on the ISO standard.
IYY
IY
ILast 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year.
IYYY4-digit year based on the ISO standard.
JYesJulian day; the number of days since January 1, 4712 BC. Number specified with J must be integers.
MIYesMinute (0-59).
MMYesMonth (01-12; January = 01).
MONYesAbbreviated name of month.
MONTHYesName of month.
PM
P.M.YesMeridian indicator with or without periods.
QQuarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4; January - March = 1).
RMYesRoman numeral month (I-XII; January = I).
RRYesLets you store 20th century dates in the 21st century using only two digits.
RRRRYesRound year. Accepts either 4-digit or 2-digit input. If 2-digit, provides the same return as RR. If you do not want this functionality, then enter the 4-digit year.
SSYesSecond (0-59).
SSSSSYesSeconds past midnight (0-86399).
TSYesReturns a value in the short time format. Makes the appearance of the time components (hour, minutes, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE initialization parameters.
Restriction: You can specify this format only with the DL or DS element, separated by white space.
TZDYesDaylight saving information. The TZD value is an abbreviated time zone string with daylight saving information. It must correspond with the region specified in TZR. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.
Example: PST (for US/Pacific standard time); PDT (for US/Pacific daylight time).
TZHYesTime zone hour. (See TZM format element.) Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.
Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.
TZMYesTime zone minute. (See TZH format element.) Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.
Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.
TZRYesTime zone region information. The value must be one of the time zone region names supported in the database. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.
Example: US/Pacific
WWWeek of year (1-53) where week 1 starts on the first day of the year and continues to the seventh day of the year.
WWeek of month (1-5) where week 1 starts on the first day of the month and ends on the seventh.
XYesLocal radix character.
Example: 'HH:MI:SSXFF'.
Y,YYYYesYear with comma in this position.
YEAR
SYEARYear, spelled out; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign (-).
YYYY
SYYYYYes4-digit year; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign.
YYY
YY
YYesLast 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of year.
我们来逐一测试下:
1、诸如- / , . ; : "text" 这类符号表达字符可以在结果中重现SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy"year"mm-dd;') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY"YEAR"MM-DD;')
------------------------------------------
2015year02-24;
2、年的显示，SYEAR/YEAR字符显示年，SYYYY/YYYY显示公元数值年，Y,YYY 以逗号分隔的年显示方式，IYYY/IYY/IY/I显示年后几位数值，RR/RRRR数值显示年， B.C.公元前, A.D.公元 SCC/CC 世纪，如果年的后两个数值是01~99，则世纪值=年的前两个值加一，否则与年前两个值相同。AM(A.M.)/PM(P.M.)显示上午还是下午SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'SYEAR,YEAR') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'SYEAR,YEAR')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TWENTY FIFTEEN,TWENTY FIFTEEN
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'SYYYY,YYYY,Y,YYY,IYYY,IYY,IY,I:RR,RRRR:B.C.,A.D.,SCC,CC,AM,P.M.') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'SYYYY,YYYY,Y,YYY,IYYY,IYY,IY,I:RR,RRRR:B.C.,A.D.,SCC,CC,AM,P.M.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2015,2015,2,015,2015,015,15,5:15,2015:A.D.,A.D., 21,21,PM,P.M.
3、月的显示, MM数值显示月份，MON字符显示月份，MON完整字符显示月份，RM罗马字母显示月份。SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'MM,MON,MONTH,RM') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MM,MON,MONTH,RM')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
02,FEB,FEBRUARY ,II
4、天的显示，D 一周中的天数，DAY 天的名称，DD 月中的天数，DDD表示年中的天数，DY以缩写的星期显示。SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'D,DAY,DD,DDD,DY') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'D,DAY,DD,DDD,DY')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,TUESDAY ,24,055,TUE
5、周显示，IW年中的周(1-53),WW年中的周以当年的第一天算第一周，W月中的周，以第每个月头一天算第一周。SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'IW,WW,W') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'IW,W
---------------------
09,08,4
6、时间格式 DL以长时间格式显示，DS以短时间格式显示，这两者取决于NLS_TERRITORY和NLS_LANGUAGE两个参数配置，不同地区显示的格式不一样。E,EE分别以缩写和全称的方式显示时代。SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'DL:DS') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DL:DS')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tuesday, February 24, 2015:2/24/2015
7、小时 HH/HH12以12小时显示，HH24以24小时显示。SQL> select to_char(SYSTIMESTAMP,'HH,HH12,HH24') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP,'HH
------------------------
01,01,13
8、分钟MISQL> select to_char(systimestamp,'MI') from dual;
TO_CHA
------
13
9、秒数 SS显示秒数，FF显示毫秒精确度[1~9]，FM让返回的值没有前后空格，FX精确匹配日期格式类型。SQL> select to_char(SYSTIMESTAMP,'SS.FF3,SSSSS') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP,'SS.FF3,SSSSS')
------------------------------------------------------
58.180,49438
10、其他 TS短格式显示时间，TZD白天即使，TZH区域小时，TZM区域分钟，TZR时间区域信息，X小数点，Q季度。SQL> select to_char(systimestamp,'TS,TZD,TZH,TZM,TZR') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP,'TS,TZD,TZH,TZM,TZR')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2:09:27 PM,,+08,00,+08:00
SQL> select to_char(systimestamp,'XQ') from dual;
TO_CHA
------
.1
11、计算时间差
年份差select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date('01-31-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'))/365) as "YEARS" FROM DUAL;
月份差select months_between(to_date('01-31-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-1998','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL;
select ceil(months_between(to_date('01-31-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-1998','MM-DD-YYYY')))"MONTHS" FROM DUAL;
天数差(时*24，分24*60，以此类推)select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date('01-31-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'))) as "YEARS" FROM DUAL;
通过EXTRACT()获取精准的时间SQL> SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 2:38:40') from dual;
EXTRACT(MINUTEFROMTIMESTAMP'2001-02-162:38:40')
-----------------------------------------------
38
通过NEXT_DAY()函数获取未来时间，这里1-7分别表示从日、一、二、三、四、五、六SQL> select sysdate,next_day(sysdate,6) from dual;
SYSDATE NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,6)
------------------- -------------------
2015-03-09 12:44:02 2015-03-13 12:44:02
查看有关时间的环境参数设置：SQL> col PARAMETER for a30
SQL> col VALUE for a40
SQL> select * from nls_session_parameters;
PARAMETER VALUE
------------------------------ ----------------------------------------
NLS_LANGUAGE AMERICAN
NLS_TERRITORY AMERICA
NLS_CURRENCY $
NLS_ISO_CURRENCY AMERICA
NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS .,
NLS_CALENDAR GREGORIAN
NLS_DATE_FORMAT YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS
NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE AMERICAN
NLS_SORT BINARY
NLS_TIME_FORMAT HH.MI.SSXFF AM
NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT DD-MON-RR HH.MI.SSXFF AM
PARAMETER VALUE
------------------------------ ----------------------------------------
NLS_TIME_TZ_FORMAT HH.MI.SSXFF AM TZR
NLS_TIMESTAMP_TZ_FORMAT DD-MON-RR HH.MI.SSXFF AM TZR
NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY $
NLS_COMP BINARY
NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS BYTE
NLS_NCHAR_CONV_EXCP FALSE
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