原标题:Python 3.8正式发布,带来那些新特性?
今天Python3.8发布啦,我们一起看看这个版本都添加了哪些新功能和特性。
PEP 572: Assignment Expressions
PEP 572的标题是赋值表达式,也叫做「命名表达式」,不过它现在被广泛的别名是「海象运算符」(The Walrus Operator)。因为:=很像海象「眼睛小,长着两枚长长的牙」这个特点^_^。
具体内容可以看我之前写的文章: PEP572: 海象运算符,在这里给大家展示个通过用PEP 572改写的一行实现斐波那契数列的例子:
In : (lambda f: f(f, int(input("Input: ")), 1, 0, 1))(lambda f, t, i, a, b: print(f"fib({i}) = {b}") or t == i or f
...: (f, t, i + 1, b, a + b))
Input: 10
fib(1) = 1
fib(2) = 1
fib(3) = 2
fib(4) = 3
fib(5) = 5
fib(6) = 8
fib(7) = 13
fib(8) = 21
fib(9) = 34
fib(10) = 55
Out: True
基于Raymond Hettinger版本改写:
In : [(t:=(t[1], sum(t)) if i else (0,1))[1] for i in range(10)]
Out: [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]PEP 570: Python Positional-Only parameters
PEP 570说白了就是强制使用者用位置参数
具体的可以看我之前写的文章: PEP570新语法: 只接受位置参数
PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks
现在可以给Python运行时添加审计钩子:
In : import sys
...: import urllib.request
...:
...:
...: def audit_hook(event, args):
...: if event in ["urllib.Request"]:
...: print(f"Network {event=} {args=}")
...:
...: sys.addaudithook(audit_hook)
In : urllib.request.urlopen("https://httpbin.org/get?a=1")
Network event="urllib.Request" args=("https://httpbin.org/get?a=1", None, {}, "GET")
Out:
目前支持审计的事件名字和API可以看PEP文档(延伸阅读链接2), urllib.Request是其中之一。另外还可以自定义事件:
In : def audit_hook(event, args):
...: if event in ["make_request"]:
...: print(f"Network {event=} {args=}")
...:
In : sys.addaudithook(audit_hook)
In : sys.audit("make_request", "https://baidu.com")
Network event="make_request" args=("https://baidu.com",)
In : sys.audit("make_request", "https://douban.com")
Network event="make_request" args=("https://douban.com",)Multiprocessing shared memory
可以跨进程直接访问同一内存(共享):
# IPython进程A
In : from multiprocessing import shared_memory
In : a = shared_memory.ShareableList([1, "a", 0.1])
In : a
Out: ShareableList([1, "a", 0.1], name="psm_d5d6ba1b") # 注意name
# IPython进程B(另外一个终端进入IPython)
In : from multiprocessing import shared_memory
In : b = shared_memory.ShareableList(name="psm_d5d6ba1b") # 使用name就可以共享内存
In : b
Out: ShareableList([1, "a", 0.1], name="psm_d5d6ba1b")New importlib.metadata module
使用新的 importlib.metadata模块可以直接读取第三方包的元数据:
In : from importlib.metadata import version, files, requires, distribution
In : version("flask")
Out: "1.1.1"
In : requires("requests")
Out:
["chardet (<3.1.0,>=3.0.2)",
"idna (<2.9,>=2.5)",
"urllib3 (!=1.25.0,!=1.25.1,<1.26,>=1.21.1)",
"certifi (>=2017.4.17)",
"pyOpenSSL (>=0.14) ; extra == "security"",
"cryptography (>=1.3.4) ; extra == "security"",
"idna (>=2.0.0) ; extra == "security"",
"PySocks (!=1.5.7,>=1.5.6) ; extra == "socks"",
"win-inet-pton ; (sys_platform == "win32" and python_version == "2.7") and extra == "socks""]
In : dist = distribution("celery")
In : dist.version
Out: "4.3.0"
In : dist.metadata["Requires-Python"]
Out: ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
In : dist.metadata["License"]
In : dist.entry_points
Out:
[EntryPoint(name="celery", value="celery.__main__:main", group="console_s"),
EntryPoint(name="celery", value="celery.contrib.pytest", group="pytest11")]
In : files("celery")[8]
Out: PackagePath("celery/__init__.py")
In : dist.locate_file(files("celery")[8])
Out: PosixPath("/Users/dongweiming/test/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/celery/__init__.py")functools.cached_property
缓存属性 (cached_property) 是一个非常常用的功能,很多知名 Python 项目都自己实现过它,现在终于进入版本库了。
具体的可以看我之前写的文章: functools.cached_property(Python 3.8)
functools.lru_cache作为装饰器时可以不加参数
lru_cache装饰器支持 max_size和 typed2个参数,如果对默认参数不敏感,过去只能这么用(需要空括号):
In : @lru_cache
...: def add(a, b):
...: return a + b
...:
从3.8开始可以直接作为装饰器,而不是作为返回装饰器的函数(不加括号):
In : @lru_cache
...: def add(a, b):
...: return a + b
...:
就像 dataclasses.dataclass,绝大部分场景都是这么用:
@dataclass
class InventoryItem:
...
其实 dataclass支持多个参数:
def dataclass(cls=None, /, *, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False,
unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False):
所以这种使用全部缺省值的装饰器工厂用法中,括号反而显得多余了。
Asyncio REPL
具体的可以看我之前写的文章: asyncio REPL(Python 3.8)
F-strings DEBUG
具体的可以看我之前写的文章: 使用f-strings调试(Python3.8)
Async Mock
单元测试模块unittest添加了mock异步代码的类:
In : import asyncio
In : from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
In : mock = AsyncMock(return_value={"json": 123})
In : await mock
Out: {"json": 123}
In : asyncio.run(mock)
Out: {"json": 123}
In : async def main(*args, **kwargs):
...: return await mock(*args, **kwargs)
...:
In : asyncio.run(main)
Out: {"json": 123}
In : mock = MagicMock # AsyncMock也可以
In : mock.__aiter__.return_value = [1, 2, 3]
In : async def main:
...: return [i async for i in mock]
...:
In : asyncio.run(main)
Out: [1, 2, 3]Generalized iterable unpacking in yield and return
具体的可以看我之前写的文章: Python3.8对「可迭代解包」的改进
后记
现在可以下载体验上面说的这些内容啦。全部更改详情请查阅Changelog(延伸阅读链接1),另外推荐阅读延伸阅读链接3和4,都是非常好的补充
https://docs.python.org/3.8/whatsnew/3.8.html
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0578/#id11
https://speakerdeck.com/matrixise/whats-new-in-python-3-dot-8
https://realpython.com/python38-new-features/
责任编辑: