python 模块命名空间_Python：具有模块导入的命名空间

I am learning Python and am still a beginner, although I have been studying it for about a year now. I am trying to write a module of functions which is called within a main module. Each of the functions in the called module needs the math module to run. I am wondering if there is a way to do this without importing the math module inside the called module. Here is what I have:

main.py:

from math import *

import module1

def wow():

print pi

wow()

module1.cool()

module1.py:

def cool():

print pi

When running main.py I get:

3.14159265359

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "Z:\Python\main.py", line 10, in

module1.cool()

File "Z:\Python\module1.py", line 3, in cool

print pi

NameError: global name 'pi' is not defined

What I'm having a hard time understanding is why I get a name error when running main.py. I know that the variable pi becomes global to the main module upon import because wow can access it. I also know that cool becomes global to the main module upon import because I can print module1.cool and get . So since cool is inside the global namespace of the main module, shouldn't the program first look inside the function cool for the variable pi, and then when it doesn't find it there, look inside main module for the variable pi and find it there?

The only way to get around this that I know of is to import the math module inside module1.py. I don't like the idea of that, though because it makes things more complicated and I am a fan of nice, simple code. I feel like I am close to grasping namespaces, but need help on this one. Thanks.

解决方案

As the traceback shows, the problem isn't in main.py, but in module1.py:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "Z:\Python\main.py", line 10, in

module1.cool()

File "Z:\Python\module1.py", line 3, in cool

print pi

NameError: global name 'pi' is not defined

In other words, in module1, there is no global name pi, because you haven't imported it there. When you do from math import * in main.py, that just imports everything from the math module's namespace into the main module's namespace, not into every module's namespace.

I think the key thing you're missing here is that each module has its own "global" namespace. This can be a bit confusing at first, because in languages like C, there's a single global namespace shared by all extern variables and functions. But once you get past that assumption, the Python way makes perfect sense.

So, if you want to use pi from module1, you have to do the from math import * in module1.py. (Or you could find some other way to inject it—for example, module1.py could do from main import *, or main.py could do module1.pi = pi, etc. Or you could cram pi into the magic builtins/__builtin__ module, or use various other tricks. But the obvious solution is to do the import where you want it imported.)

As a side note, you usually don't want to do from foo import * anywhere except the interactive interpreter or, occasionally, the top-level script. There are exceptions (e.g., a few modules are explicitly designed to be used that way), but the rule of thumb is to either import foo or use a limited from foo import bar, baz.