现代生活中,除了短信、微信、QQ等通讯工具,我们还普遍使用着电子邮件。电子邮件的产生远比前几样工具早,目前使用频率虽然没有其他几样高,但却在工作、举证、身份识别等正式场合扮演着不可或缺的角色。
为了实现邮件的发送,我们不得不提SMTP协议。
什么是SMTP协议?
SMTP的全称是Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,是基于TCP的用于发送传输邮件的纯文本协议。早期的邮件传输都是点对点的,这就需要邮件的收发双方都同时在线才能完成邮件的发送,后来为了解决发送端在接收端离线时也能发送邮件,引入了邮件服务器的技术。也就是说,我们发送一封邮件是先发送到我们自己所属的邮件投递服务器,然后由我们的邮件投递服务器投递给对方的邮件服务器,对方上线后,再由对方的邮件服务器投递给对方或者由对方从邮件服务器获取。在这些投递过程中,SMTP协议发挥着重要的作用。
SMTP协议是怎样交互的?
我们以发件人往SMTP服务器发送邮件为例,将这个行为类比成发件人去揽收站投递邮件,如下图:
![ddf0b1db0ae7a144ad515c7f8098c46c.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/657d451ba5f6efb51d363a417ed58a19.jpeg)
可以很明显的看到,在这个投递过程中,发件人和服务器之间是一种命令响应式的结构。
在SMTP协议中,给客户端定义了许多可用的命令,下表是常用命令:
![785f5f145e89ce205cee0f298142f551.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e17fd9a21bcf81c9d2eeb7b87ef9a5ca.png)
也给服务端定义了很多响应,1开头为接收到信息但还未处理,2开头为确认应答类,3开头为需要进一步确认,4开头为临时错误消息,5开头为永久错误消息,下表是常用响应:
![8c531d299322ef23c59a2e8a8340a0bc.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/814b14e8c380790bf1690fc5902e190b.jpeg)
基于以上我们可以在telnet命令中尝试:
# 执行telnet命令
> computer:home user$ telnet mail.xx.com 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to mail.xx.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
# 服务器响应
< 220 mail.xx.com Anti-spam GT for Coremail System (icmhosting[20181212])
# 发送开始通信命令
> EHLO mail.xx.com
< 250-mail
< 250-PIPELINING
< 250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN
< 250-AUTH=LOGIN PLAIN
< 250-coremail abcdefg
< 250-STARTTLS
< 250-SMTPUTF8
< 250 8BITMIME
# 请求认证
> AUTH LOGIN
# 要求输入用户名,dXNlcm5hbWU6是username:的base64编码
< 334 dXNlcm5hbWU6
# 输入base64编码后的用户名
> MTIzNDU2QHh4LmNvbQ==
# 要求输入密码,UGFzc3dvcmQ6是Password:的base64编码
< 334 UGFzc3dvcmQ6
# 输入base64编码后的密码
> YWJjZGVmZw==
# 返回认证成功信息
< 235 Authentication successful
# 指定发件人
> MAIL FROM:<123456@xx.com>
# 响应收到
< 250 Mail OK
# 指定收件人
> RCPT TO:<654321@yy.org>
# 响应收到
< 250 Mail OK
# 准备发送邮件正文
> DATA
# 等待输入
< 354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
# 邮件内容
> To:654321@yy.org
> From:123456@xx.com
> Subject:Test mail from telnet
> Mime-Version:1.0
> Content-Type:Multipart/Mixed;boundary=My-Boundary
> Content-Transfer-Encoding:base64
>
> --My-Boundary
> Content-Type:Text/Plain;charset=utf-8
> Content-Transfer-Encoding:base64
>
# 下面这串字符串是base64编码后的邮件正文,编码前是:This is a test mail from telnet command.
> VGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3QgbWFpbCBmcm9tIHRlbG5ldCBjb21tYW5kLg==
>
> .
# 收到确认
< 250 Mail OK queued as AQAAfwAnOED_4v5ev6lwAQ--.56424S2
# 退出命令
> QUIT
# 确认收到
< 221 Bye
Connection closed by foreign host.
然后我们就可以看到邮件发送出去了。
![b0805ae095f9bc265ecd84d13d46091b.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f451292b9a22499982e071541fcff18f.png)
如何实现一个SMTP客户端?
下面,我们以Go语言为例,实现一个简单的SMTP发送程序,中间会使用到Base64编解码,关于Base64可以参考这篇:
文科僧程序猿:你知道Base64编码吗?跟我一起用Go语言实现它吧!zhuanlan.zhihu.com![27459bcb67dff0a0c5b3b4498efe5e6c.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/67f65cf8f473f9c3e7c8c38eba5fa19d.jpeg)
package m_smtp
import (
"bufio"
"errors"
"fmt"
"xx.com/user/test/base64"
"io"
"net"
)
// 定义结构体
type MSMTP struct {
Host string // 主机名
Port int // 端口号
Account string // 认证的用户名
Password string // 密码
From string // 发件人
To string // 收件人
Subject string // 主题
Body string // 内容
conn *net.TCPConn // 连接
}
var (
stageInit = 0 // 初始阶段
stageHelo = 1 // 开始通信阶段
stageAuthLogin = 2 // 请求认证阶段
stageAuthLoginUsername = 3 // 输入用户名阶段
stageAuthLoginPassword = 4 // 输入密码阶段
stageSetFrom = 5 // 设置发件人阶段
stageSetTo = 6 // 设置收件人阶段
stageStartSendData = 7 // 开始发送数据阶段
stageSendData = 8 // 发送数据阶段
stageQuit = 9 // 退出阶段
stageFinish = 10 // 结束
)
func SendMail(msmtp MSMTP) error {
var err error
// 获取tcp连接
msmtp.conn, err = getConn(msmtp.Host, msmtp.Port)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("can not create connection: %vn", err))
}
defer msmtp.conn.Close()
// 执行发送
return doSend(msmtp)
}
// 获取tcp连接
func getConn(host string, port int) (conn *net.TCPConn, err error) {
var tcpAddr *net.TCPAddr
tcpAddr, _ = net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", host, port))
conn, err = net.DialTCP("tcp", nil, tcpAddr)
return
}
// 执行发送
func doSend(msmtp MSMTP) error {
var err error
var servRespMsg string
stage := stageInit
reader := bufio.NewReader(msmtp.conn)
F:
for {
// 以换行符为分隔读取响应消息
servRespMsg, err = reader.ReadString('n')
if err != nil || err == io.EOF {
fmt.Printf("received error: %v", err)
break F
}
err = nil
// 从头3位获取响应码
code := servRespMsg[0:3]
fmt.Printf("Stage: %d, Code: %sn", stage, code)
switch stage {
case stageInit:
if code != "220" {
continue
}
err = sendHelo(msmtp)
stage = stageHelo
case stageHelo:
if servRespMsg[0:4] != "250 " {
continue
}
err = sendAuthLogin(msmtp)
stage = stageAuthLogin
case stageAuthLogin:
if code != "334" {
continue
}
err = sendAuthLoginUsername(msmtp)
stage = stageAuthLoginUsername
case stageAuthLoginUsername:
if code != "334" {
continue
}
err = sendAuthLoginPassword(msmtp)
stage = stageAuthLoginPassword
case stageAuthLoginPassword:
if code != "235" {
continue
}
err = sendSetFrom(msmtp)
stage = stageSetFrom
case stageSetFrom:
if code != "250" {
continue
}
err = sendSetTo(msmtp)
stage = stageSetTo
case stageSetTo:
if code != "250" {
continue
}
err = sendStartSendData(msmtp)
stage = stageStartSendData
case stageStartSendData:
if code != "354" {
continue
}
err = sendData(msmtp)
stage = stageSendData
case stageSendData:
if code != "250" {
continue
}
err = sendQuit(msmtp)
stage = stageQuit
case stageQuit:
if code != "221" {
continue
}
stage = stageFinish
fmt.Println("finished")
break F
}
if err != nil {
break F
}
}
return err
}
// 发送开始通信命令
func sendHelo(msmtp MSMTP) error {
msg := fmt.Sprintf("EHLO %sn", msmtp.Host)
err := sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("send ehlo error: %vn", err))
}
return nil
}
// 发送请求认证命令
func sendAuthLogin(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := "AUTH LOGINn"
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("try auth failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 发送用户名
func sendAuthLoginUsername(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := base64.Encode([]byte(msmtp.Account)) + "n"
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("send auth login username failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 发送密码
func sendAuthLoginPassword(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := base64.Encode([]byte(msmtp.Password)) + "n"
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("send auth login password failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 设置发件人
func sendSetFrom(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := fmt.Sprintf("MAIL FROM:<%s>n", msmtp.From)
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("set mail from address failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 设置收件人
func sendSetTo(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := fmt.Sprintf("RCPT TO:<%s>n", msmtp.To)
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("set mail to address failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 开始发送数据
func sendStartSendData(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := "DATAn"
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("start send data failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 发送数据
func sendData(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := fmt.Sprintf("To:%sn"+
"Subject:%sn"+
"Mime-version:1.0n"+
"Content-Type:Multipart/Mixed;boundary=m-boundaryn"+
"Content-Transfer-Encoding:base64n"+
"From:%sn"+
"n"+
"--m-boundaryn"+
"Content-Type:Text/Plain;charset=utf-8n"+
"Content-Transfer-Encoding:base64n"+
"n"+
"%sn"+
"n"+
".n", msmtp.To, msmtp.Subject, msmtp.From, base64.Encode([]byte(msmtp.Body)))
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("send data failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 发送结束命令
func sendQuit(msmtp MSMTP) (err error) {
msg := "QUITn"
err = sendMsg(msmtp.conn, msg)
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("send quit failed: %v", err))
}
return
}
// 发送消息
func sendMsg(conn *net.TCPConn, msg string) error {
_, err := conn.Write([]byte(msg))
if err != nil {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("err write on: %s, err: %v", msg, err))
}
return nil
}
调用:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"xx.com/user/test/m_smtp"
)
func main() {
var msmtp = m_smtp.MSMTP{
Host: "mail.xx.com",
Port: 25,
Account: "123456@xx.com",
Password: "abcdefg",
From: "123456@xx.com",
To: "654321@yy.org",
Subject: "test mail in client",
Body: "this is body of test mail.",
}
err := m_smtp.SendMail(msmtp)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Error: %v", err)
}
}
执行后输出:
Stage: 0, Code: 220
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 1, Code: 250
Stage: 2, Code: 334
Stage: 3, Code: 334
Stage: 4, Code: 235
Stage: 5, Code: 250
Stage: 6, Code: 250
Stage: 7, Code: 354
Stage: 8, Code: 250
Stage: 9, Code: 221
finished