ubuntu服务器迁移网站,迁移Linux mint 18.2 apt到Ubuntu Server 16.04 LTS

1、问题描述

这里有两台主机，其中

192.168.1.4上安装的是Linux Mint 18.2 Sonya系统。主机名是qwfys，用户名是lwk。

192.168.1.25上安装的是Ubuntu Server 16.04.3 LT系统。主机名是ubuntu，用户名是lwk。

当在192.168.1.25上输入命令apt的时候这样的：

lwk@ubuntu:~$ ip a

1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 ::1/128 scope host

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 08:00:27:5e:65:ca brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 192.168.1.25/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe5e:65ca/64 scope link

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

lwk@ubuntu:~$ lsb_release -a

No LSB modules are available.

Distributor ID: Ubuntu

Description: Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS

Release: 16.04

Codename: xenial

lwk@ubuntu:~$ apt

apt 1.2.24 (amd64)

Usage: apt [options] command

apt is a commandline package manager and provides commands for

searching and managing as well as querying information about packages.

It provides the same functionality as the specialized APT tools,

like apt-get and apt-cache, but enables options more suitable for

interactive use by default.

Most used commands:

list - list packages based on package names

search - search in package descriptions

show - show package details

install - install packages

remove - remove packages

autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages

update - update list of available packages

upgrade - upgrade the system by installing/upgrading packages

full-upgrade - upgrade the system by removing/installing/upgrading packages

edit-sources - edit the source information file

See apt(8) for more information about the available commands.

Configuration options and syntax is detailed in apt.conf(5).

Information about how to configure sources can be found in sources.list(5).

Package and version choices can be expressed via apt_preferences(5).

Security details are available in apt-secure(8).

This APT has Super Cow Powers.

lwk@ubuntu:~$

当在192.168.1.4上输入命令apt的时候却是这样的：

lwk@qwfys ~ $ ip a

1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

inet6 ::1/128 scope host

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

2: wlp2s0: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000

link/ether 9c:b6:d0:dd:fc:f7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 192.168.1.4/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic wlp2s0

valid_lft 246699sec preferred_lft 246699sec

inet6 fe80::a0fd:f518:e91a:dde0/64 scope link

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

lwk@qwfys ~ $ lsb_release -a

No LSB modules are available.

Distributor ID: LinuxMint

Description: Linux Mint 18.2 Sonya

Release: 18.2

Codename: sonya

lwk@qwfys ~ $ apt

apt

Usage: apt command [options]

apt help command [options]

Commands:

add-repository - Add entries to apt sources.list

autoclean - Erase old downloaded archive files

autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages

build - Build binary or source packages from sources

build-dep - Configure build-dependencies for source packages

changelog - View a package's changelog

check - Verify that there are no broken dependencies

clean - Erase downloaded archive files

contains - List packages containing a file

content - List files contained in a package

deb - Install a .deb package

depends - Show raw dependency information for a package

dist-upgrade - Upgrade the system by removing/installing/upgrading packages

download - Download the .deb file for a package

edit-sources - Edit /etc/apt/sources.list with your preferred text editor

dselect-upgrade - Follow dselect selections

full-upgrade - Same as 'dist-upgrade'

held - List all held packages

help - Show help for a command

hold - Hold a package

install - Install/upgrade packages

list - List packages based on package names

policy - Show policy settings

purge - Remove packages and their configuration files

recommends - List missing recommended packages for a particular package

rdepends - Show reverse dependency information for a package

reinstall - Download and (possibly) reinstall a currently installed package

remove - Remove packages

search - Search for a package by name and/or expression

show - Display detailed information about a package

showhold - Same as 'held'

source - Download source archives

sources - Same as 'edit-sources'

unhold - Unhold a package

update - Download lists of new/upgradable packages

upgrade - Perform a safe upgrade

version - Show the installed version of a package

lwk@qwfys ~ $ apt help install

"apt install " is equivalent to "sudo /usr/bin/apt install "

lwk@qwfys ~ $ apt help add-repository

"apt add-repository " is equivalent to "sudo add-apt-repository "

lwk@qwfys ~ $ apt help purge

"apt purge " is equivalent to "sudo /usr/bin/apt purge "

lwk@qwfys ~ $

有没有一种办法让Ubuntu Server 16.04.3 LT系统也拥有Linux Mint 18.2 Sonya那样的apt功能呢？

2、解决方案

让我我们先查找一下apt命令的出处吧。

在主机192.168.1.4上我们输入如下命令

lwk@qwfys ~ $ whereis apt

apt: /usr/bin/apt /usr/lib/apt /etc/apt /usr/local/bin/apt /usr/share/man/man8/apt.8.gz

lwk@qwfys ~ $

在主机192.168.1.4上我们输入如下命令

lwk@ubuntu:~$ whereis apt

apt: /usr/bin/apt /usr/lib/apt /etc/apt /usr/share/man/man8/apt.8.gz

lwk@ubuntu:~$

通过对比，我们发现Linux Mint 18.2 Sonya系统中的目录/usr/local/bin/下面多了一个apt文件。那么我们假定将Linux Mint 18.2 Sonya系统中的文件/usr/local/bin/apt复制一份放到Ubuntu Server 16.04.3 LT系统中的目录/usr/local/bin/下，会不会有效果呢，我们不防试一下。

在主机192.168.1.25上我们输入如下命令

lwk@ubuntu:~$ ll

total 36

drwxr-xr-x 4 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 23 00:06 ./

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 10 11:20 ../

-rw------- 1 lwk lwk 3479 Nov 23 00:03 .bash_history

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 220 Nov 10 11:20 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 3771 Nov 10 11:20 .bashrc

drwx------ 2 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 10 11:30 .cache/

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 655 Nov 10 11:20 .profile

drwx------ 2 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 10 11:42 .ssh/

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 0 Nov 10 11:38 .sudo_as_admin_successful

-rw------- 1 root root 3433 Nov 23 00:00 .viminfo

lwk@ubuntu:~$

确认主机192.168.1.25用户lwk主目录下没有apt文件。

这时，在主机192.168.1.4上我们输入如下命令

lwk@qwfys ~ $ scp /usr/local/bin/apt lwk@192.168.1.25:~/

apt 100% 6329 6.2KB/s 00:00

lwk@qwfys ~ $

切换到主机192.168.1.25上输入如下命令

lwk@ubuntu:~$ ll

total 44

drwxr-xr-x 4 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 23 00:48 ./

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 10 11:20 ../

-rwxr-xr-x 1 lwk lwk 6329 Nov 23 00:48 apt*

-rw------- 1 lwk lwk 3479 Nov 23 00:03 .bash_history

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 220 Nov 10 11:20 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 3771 Nov 10 11:20 .bashrc

drwx------ 2 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 10 11:30 .cache/

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 655 Nov 10 11:20 .profile

drwx------ 2 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 10 11:42 .ssh/

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 0 Nov 10 11:38 .sudo_as_admin_successful

-rw------- 1 root root 3433 Nov 23 00:00 .viminfo

lwk@ubuntu:~$

这时候我们发现apt文件的归属不对，这里改一下，然后将其扔到/usr/local/bin/，然后查看有没有生效。

lwk@ubuntu:~$ sudo chown root:root apt

[sudo] password for lwk:

lwk@ubuntu:~$ ll

total 44

drwxr-xr-x 4 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 23 00:48 ./

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 10 11:20 ../

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6329 Nov 23 00:48 apt*

-rw------- 1 lwk lwk 3479 Nov 23 00:03 .bash_history

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 220 Nov 10 11:20 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 3771 Nov 10 11:20 .bashrc

drwx------ 2 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 10 11:30 .cache/

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 655 Nov 10 11:20 .profile

drwx------ 2 lwk lwk 4096 Nov 10 11:42 .ssh/

-rw-r--r-- 1 lwk lwk 0 Nov 10 11:38 .sudo_as_admin_successful

-rw------- 1 root root 3433 Nov 23 00:00 .viminfo

lwk@ubuntu:~$ sudo mv apt /usr/local/bin/

lwk@ubuntu:~$ apt

apt

Usage: apt command [options]

apt help command [options]

Commands:

add-repository - Add entries to apt sources.list

autoclean - Erase old downloaded archive files

autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages

build - Build binary or source packages from sources

build-dep - Configure build-dependencies for source packages

changelog - View a package's changelog

check - Verify that there are no broken dependencies

clean - Erase downloaded archive files

contains - List packages containing a file

content - List files contained in a package

deb - Install a .deb package

depends - Show raw dependency information for a package

dist-upgrade - Upgrade the system by removing/installing/upgrading packages

download - Download the .deb file for a package

edit-sources - Edit /etc/apt/sources.list with your preferred text editor

dselect-upgrade - Follow dselect selections

full-upgrade - Same as 'dist-upgrade'

held - List all held packages

help - Show help for a command

hold - Hold a package

install - Install/upgrade packages

list - List packages based on package names

policy - Show policy settings

purge - Remove packages and their configuration files

recommends - List missing recommended packages for a particular package

rdepends - Show reverse dependency information for a package

reinstall - Download and (possibly) reinstall a currently installed package

remove - Remove packages

search - Search for a package by name and/or expression

show - Display detailed information about a package

showhold - Same as 'held'

source - Download source archives

sources - Same as 'edit-sources'

unhold - Unhold a package

update - Download lists of new/upgradable packages

upgrade - Perform a safe upgrade

version - Show the installed version of a package

lwk@ubuntu:~$

至此，我们发现已经将Linux Mint 18.2 Sonya系统中的apt命令成功迁移到了Ubuntu Server 16.04.3 LT系统。