freemarker 去掉最后一个逗号_法律英语中经常易用错的标点符号（一）：逗号“Comma”（，）...

法律英语中经常易用错的标点符号(一)：逗号“Comma”(，)

标点符号是书面上用于标明句读和预期的符号，是辅助文字记录语言的符号，是书面语的组成部分，用来表示停顿、语气以及词语的性质和作用。

   在中国古代文书中，一般不使用标点符号，而是通过语感、语气助词、语法结构等断句。因此，经常出现歧义、造成对文章字句的误解；例如“下雨天留客天留我不留”据说就有七种解释方法。

   由此可见，标点在一个句子中的作用是不可或缺的，尤其是在我们具有严肃性、专业性的法律文件中。然而在现实生活和工作中，我们经常注意到标点符号错用乱用的现象。比如说，在书名中强行加入逗号，在影视剧名中生硬嵌入逗号。工作中，笔者也在不少的法律文件中曾发现英文标点乱用现象，其中不乏有红圈所团队出具的中外合资公司章程、股东协议等文件。究其原因，主要是因为我们自一开始接触英语以来，就鲜有老师会针对英文标点深入讲解。以下为老衲遍阅牛津和剑桥语法后的粗略总结，希望对各位味精们有一定帮助！！

       Ok，without nofurther ado, vamos!!!

Comma是英语里使用频率最高的符号。关于Comma的用法，主要有以下几种：

1. 分隔相似词或词组(“to separatea list of similar words or phrase”)，此种作用类似中文中的顿号“、”.

    -It’s important to write in clear, simple, accurate words.

    -They were more friendly, more talkative, more open than last time met them.

 此种用法要注意英式用法与美式用法上的区别：

    (1)英式用法通常不会在罗列词或词组的末尾的“and”前面加Comma,例如：

The Buyer must pay the bank charges for opening, reimbursing and financing a Documentary Letter of Credit. (澳大利亚某能源公司合同条款)

    (2)美式用法通常会在“and”前面加Comma。这种叫“serial comma”或者“the Oxford comma”.(笔者也注意到and替换成or的用法也类似)

    -Party A is validly created/incorporated and existing under the laws of Delaware, the USA., hasfull power, authority, and approval to execute this Agreement and has all the necessary power, authority, and approval for the performance of its obligations under this Agreement. (美国某能源公司合同条款)

     (3)相比之下，Serial Comma有时候表达更清晰，比如：

Eg:

    -The United States, any agency or instrumentality thereof and any individual,firm, or corporation acting for the United States with the theorization and consent of the United States, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extend as any nongovernmental entity.  —§ 45 (15 U.S.C. § 1127) (Vague)

    -The United States, any agency or instrumentality thereof, and any individual, firm, or corporation acting for the United States with the theorization and consent of the United States, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extend as any nongovernmental entity. —§ 45 (15 U.S.C. § 1127) (Clear)

    -My favorite sandwiches are chicken, bacon and ham and cheese. (Vague)

    -My favoritesandwiches are chicken, bacon, and ham and cheese. (Clear)

       (喜欢三种三明治：鸡肉三明治、培根三明治以及火腿奶酪三明治。)

2. 分隔语调有轻微停顿的词或词组(to separatewords or phrases that mark where the voice would pause slightly)

    Eg:

    -The company began proceedingsagainst their former employee, claiming, inter alia,breach of contract.

   -You had, in fact, breached the contract.

3. 分隔分句(“Separatingclauses with commas”)【分句包含：主句(main/independent clause)和从句(subordinate/dependent clause)】

(1)当主句被and，or，but隔开，且两个分句共一个主语时(相当于两个并列主句)，通常不使用comma。但当两个分句有不同主语时，要使用comma。

Eg:

    -They were very friendly and invited us to their villa in Portugal. (same subject)

    -Footballersthese days earn more money but theyare fitter and playmany more matches. (same subject)

    -It was anexpensive hotel in the center of Stockholm, but wedecided it was worth the money. (different subjects)

(2)当从句在主句之前，通常用comma分隔分句，但短句中可以不用加comma。

Eg：

    -If you get lost in the city center, please don’t hesitate to text or phone us.

    -If you get lostjust phone us.

(3)用从句和非谓动词短语(non-finitecomment clause)进行补充说明时，我们通常使用comma。

Eg:

-You do need to wear a darker jacket, if I may say so(从句).

-To be honest, I thoughtthey were very rude. (非限定性分句)

-The storm, lasting as it did for severaldays,caused serious damage to villagesnear the coast.

4.在非限制性定语从句中的使用。

(1)非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive relative clause or non-definingclauses)通常由who, which,whom etc. 引导。Comma须放于非限制性定语前后，其作用相当于撇除句子中非核心部分(详见第5点)。

Eg:

    -The ambulance, which arrived after just five minutes, took three people to thehospital immediately.

    -Hong Kong, where the first ASEANmeeting was held, isa very different city now.

注意：限制性定语从句(restrictiverelative clause)中不能使用comma分隔

Eg:

    -Barcelona wasthe Spanish city that was selected for the Olympic Games. √

    -Barcelonawas the Spanish city, that was selected for theOlympic Games. ×

    -The UnitedStates includes and embraces all territory which is under its jurisdiction andcontrol. √

    -The United States includes and embraces all territory, which is under its jurisdiction and control. ×(加了逗号，就削弱了which引导的从句与主句的关联性，且去掉该从句，前面一部分没有实际意义，所以不能加逗号。)

(2)注意！！！在大部分法律文件中，which基本引导限制性定语从句，其后面内容不可或缺，所以which前面都基本不加comma。法律文件常见的用Comma+which的主要是下面这种情形的非限制性定语从句较多：

Eg:

-The appointment,change, or any delegation of the authority of, the SELLER REPRESENTATIVE andany terms thereof shall be subject to prior approval by the BUYER, which (approval) shallnot be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

(3)在法律文件中也经常会遇到“Comma + whichever“结构的情形，见下例：

Eg：

    -The Directorshall, if applicable, transmit to the International Bureau a notification ofrefusal on the basis of the opposition, together with a statement of all thegrounds for the opposition, within 7 months after the beginning of theopposition period or with 1 month after the end of the opposition period,whichever is earlier.

                                                  —§ 45 (15 U.S.C. § 1127)

     -For each calendarmonth, or fraction thereof, that payment is late, Buyer shall pay a latepayment charge computed at the rate of 1.5% per month on the overdue balance,or the maximum rate permitted by law, whicheveris less.

                                                 —(GEContract Module)    

5.用comma撇除句子非核心内容(此点与第4点类似)

Eg:

    -The tribunal comprises of, of course, three arbitrators.

    -Hillary’s biggestpolitical foe, Donald Trump,won the election.

    -Conor McGregor’sson, Jack, is theonly legitimate heir.

(此种用法下，因为，Jack在该句中不属于核心内容，可以撇除，且不影响句子整体意思。撇除后为“Conor McGregor’sson is the only legitimate heir”这句话暗含“Conor McGregor只有一个儿子”的意思。)

对比：

    -Conor McGregor’sson Jack is the only legitimateheir.

(此句就暗含：“ConorMcGregor 不只有Jack一个儿子“的意思。)

6. 在对话语句中的用法

(1)用于分隔附加语和“yes-no”的回答

Eg:

    -Mike Ross hasn’tlanded his first client, has he? (附加语)

    -No, thank you.I’ve already settled the disputes with the counterpart. (yes-no的回答)

(2)用于分隔呼格(Vocative)、语篇标记语(discoursemarker)(如however[表示“然而“的意思时], with reference to, I suppose, well etc.)、感叹词(interjection)。

Eg:

    -Present me your evidence, Counselor, can you? Thanks. (vocative)

    -Well, what do you think we should doabout it? (discourse marker)

    -Wow, that sounds really exciting, thatsounds really exciting. (interjection)

7. 用于直接引语(“directspeech”)

(1)用comma来引出直接引语，comma要放在前面一个引号的前面。并且最后一个引号前要用句号“Full Stop”.(即小学我们学的“人在前，话在后”)

Eg:

    - He said in his opening speech, ‘Now is the time to plan for the future.’

(2)直接引语在前，comma用于末尾引号的前面(即小学我们学的“人在后，话在前”)

    - ‘You can lead a horse to the water,but you can’t make him drink it,'’ she said impatiently.

(3)“人在中间，话在两边”例子中的用法：

Eg:

    - ‘Yes,’ he said,‘and I always honor my end ofthe bargain.’

    - ‘Thinking back,’ she added, ‘I didn’t expect towin the lawsuit.’

(4)例外：如果直接引语需要用到问号和感叹号，例如

Eg:

    -‘Stop him!’ she shouted.

    -‘Did you see that?’ he asked.