linux clock()_对比python与linux中时间管理的三件工具calender clock datetime

时间管理的三件工具

无论是手机的android系统还是Linux系统，都提供两项基本的时间管理工具日历(calendar) and 时钟(clock).Calendar是date地图，提供全景式的鸟瞰图； clock是指南针，指导具体的每一步应该迈向何处。二者的结合形成第三个工具datetime。

工具虽然简单，但如果不能抽象到认知的层面，则不能为己所用。试问，谁手机里没个日历，没个钟表呢。认知层面的结论是需要且仅需要这三件工具O(∩_∩)O。

1.Calendar日历提供全景式鸟瞰

ncal -B 3  #ncal = new calendar

2.Clock时钟实施具体的测量

$ time sleep 10real    0m10.011suser    0m0.002ssys     0m0.001s

3.datetime整合二者，提供更加实用的功能

$  TZ="America/New_York" date #美东夏季时间， 第十个变量时区。Wed 10 Jun 2020 09:46:35 PM EDT  #Eatern Daylight Timer

Python中的时间管理

1.Calendar日历

Python中的calendar是个无关紧要的工具，没有人会费力不讨好的到这里查看日期和规划日程。

2. Time钟表

2.1.与epoch time的相互转换

人类以minutes计时， 机器以second计时。

In [4]: import timeIn [5]: time.localtime() #local time   Out[5]: time.struct_time(tm_year=2020, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=9, tm_min=55, tm_sec=7, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=163, tm_isdst=0)In [6]: time.gmtime(100) #UTC time     Out[6]: time.struct_time(tm_year=1970, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=1, tm_hour=0, tm_min=1, tm_sec=40, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=1, tm_isdst=0)In [7]: time.gmtime() #UTC time        Out[7]: time.struct_time(tm_year=2020, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=1, tm_min=55, tm_sec=41, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=163, tm_isdst=0)In [8]: calendar.timegm(time.gmtime()) #UTC time                              Out[8]: 1591840586In [9]: time.mktime(time.localtime()) #local time                             Out[9]: 1591840609.0

2.2 变量 tm_isdst daylight saving time夏季时间

In [10]: time.gmtime?                  Docstring:gmtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year, tm_mon, tm_mday, tm_hour, tm_min,                       tm_sec, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst)Convert seconds since the Epoch to a time tuple expressing UTC (a.k.a.GMT).  When 'seconds' is not passed in, convert the current time instead.If the platform supports the tm_gmtoff and tm_zone, they are available asattributes only.Type:      builtin_function_or_method

2.3.处理器的计时

time.process_time() #cpu time  of kernel and user-spacetime.process_time_ns() ->int #not inclue sleep time time.perf_counter() ->floattime.perf_counter_ns() -> inttime.thread_time() ->floattime.thread_time_ns() ->inttime.time()time.time_ns()time.sleeptime.monotonic()time.monotonic_ns()

2.4.时区常量

In [9]: time.daylightOut[9]: 0In [10]: time.tznameOut[10]: ('CST', 'CST')In [11]: time.altzoneOut[11]: -28800

2.5.两个最重要的方法

time.strptime(string, format)time.strftime(format)

2.6.ctime

In [11]: time.ctime()                  Out[11]: 'Thu Jun 11 10:01:51 2020'In [12]: time.asctime(time.localtime())Out[12]: 'Thu Jun 11 10:02:04 2020'

3. Datetime日历与钟表相结合

复习calendar(date), clock(time)的逻辑，先看两个没用的函数。

3.1 datetime.date()

class date(builtins.object)  就是符号%x返回的内容 |  date(year, month, day) --> date objectIn [14]: import datetime               In [15]: datetime.date.today().year    Out[15]: 2020In [16]: datetime.date.today().month   Out[16]: 6In [17]: datetime.date.today().day    

3.2 datetime.time()

class time(builtins.object) 符号%X返回的内容 |  time([hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]) --> a time object  #5个参数,由大到小排列In [104]:  t = datetime.time(6, 15, 30, 999999, dateutil.tz.tzutc())                                                          In [105]: t.strftime("%f:%S:%M:%H %Z")                                                                                        Out[105]: '999999:30:15:06 UTC'In [106]: t.min                                                                                                               Out[106]: datetime.time(0, 0)In [107]: t.max                                                                                                               Out[107]: datetime.time(23, 59, 59, 999999)In 108]: t.resolution                                                                                                        Out[108]: datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1) #精确度

前面两个函数datetime.date与datetime.time并不经常使用。

3.3 datetime.datetime()

经常使用的是函数datetime.datetime以及datetime.timedelta。

lass datetime(date) |  datetime(year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[,tzinfo]]]]])Help on built-in function weekday:weekday(...) method of datetime.datetime instance    Return the day of the week represented by the date.    Monday == 0 ... Sunday == 6           In [1]: import datetime                In [2]: datetime.datetime.utcnow().timetuple()                                Out[2]: time.struct_time(tm_year=2020, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=2, tm_min=15, tm_sec=42, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=163, tm_isdst=-1)

3.4.datetime.timedelta

In [3]: datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=3)                  Out[3]: datetime.datetime(2020, 6, 14, 10, 18, 26, 689863)In [7]: !date -d '3 days'              Sun 14 Jun 2020 10:20:57 AM CST #转换为seconds的另外一种写法In [25]: str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=100))Out[25]: '0:01:40'In [29]: time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.gmtime(3000))Out[29]: '00:50:00'

Shell的时间管理工具

1.Calendar日历

$ ncal -1$ ncal -M #Monday as the first day $ ncal -w #weeknumber$ncal -y -m; $ncal -d yyyy-mm $ncal yyyy-mm-dd#highlight the current date $ ncal -A3 -B4#就只有这么多操作

2.Clock(Time)钟表

2.1 hwclock

In [31]: !sudo hwclock2019-05-15 21:25:29.514803+08:00

2.2 time (processing profile)

$ time (tree  /usr/share/zoneinfo | grep -i "prc")│   ├── Chongqing -> ../PRC│   ├── Chungking -> ../PRC│   ├── Harbin -> ../PRC│   ├── Shanghai -> ../PRC│   │   ├── Chongqing -> ../../PRC│   │   ├── Chungking -> ../../PRC│   │   ├── Harbin -> ../../PRC│   │   ├── Shanghai -> ../../PRC│   ├── PRC -> ../PRC├── PRC│   │   ├── Chongqing -> ../PRC│   │   ├── Chungking -> ../PRC│   │   ├── Harbin -> ../PRC│   │   ├── Shanghai -> ../PRC│   ├── PRCreal    0m0.017suser    0m0.015ssys     0m0.004s

3.Datetime日历加钟表

3.1 timedatectl

In [8]: !timedatectl                                  Local time: Thu 2020-06-11 10:29:37 CST           Universal time: Thu 2020-06-11 02:29:37 UTC                 RTC time: Thu 2020-06-11 02:29:37                Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)System clock synchronized: yes              NTP service: inactive          RTC in local TZ: no             - Check the current system clock time:   timedatectl - Set the local time of the system clock directly:   timedatectl set-time {{"yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss"}}    - List available timezones:   timedatectl list-timezones - Set the system timezone:   timedatectl set-timezone {{timezone}} - Enable Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronization:   timedatectl set-ntp on

3.2 date (最趁手的一个工具)

日常应用date作为思考工具。

In [12]: time.time()                   Out[12]: 1591842959.6268835In [13]: !date +%s 1591842966In [2]: !date +%s  1591843394In [3]: !date -d @$(date +%s)          Thu 11 Jun 2020 10:43:33 AM CST

基本操作：

$ date -u +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"2020-06-11T02:44:20Z

未来的时间

$ date -d '2 weeks' # 两周之后Thu 25 Jun 2020 10:45:29 AM CST$ date -d 'next friday' # 下周五Fri 12 Jun 2020 12:00:00 AM CST

过去的时间

$ date -d "last thursday"Thu 04 Jun 2020 12:00:00 AM CST$ date -d "2 days ago"Tue 09 Jun 2020 10:47:06 AM CST$ date -d "last month"Mon 11 May 2020 10:47:13 AM CST

总结

时间管理的三个工具为宏观的日历，微观的钟表，以及二者结合的datetime.

幻想巨石阵