python 描述器 详解_描述器使用指南

Python 的面向对象功能是在基于函数的环境构建的。通过使用非数据描述器，这两方面完成了无缝融合。

Functions stored in class dictionaries get turned into methods when invoked.

Methods only differ from regular functions in that the object instance is

prepended to the other arguments. By convention, the instance is called

self but could be called this or any other variable name.

Methods can be created manually with types.MethodType which is

roughly equivalent to:

class MethodType:

"Emulate Py_MethodType in Objects/classobject.c"

def __init__(self, func, obj):

self.__func__ = func

self.__self__ = obj

def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

func = self.__func__

obj = self.__self__

return func(obj, *args, **kwargs)

To support automatic creation of methods, functions include the

__get__() method for binding methods during attribute access. This

means that functions are non-data descriptors that return bound methods

during dotted lookup from an instance. Here's how it works:

class Function:

...

def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):

"Simulate func_descr_get() in Objects/funcobject.c"

if obj is None:

return self

return MethodType(self, obj)

Running the following class in the interpreter shows how the function

descriptor works in practice:

class D:

def f(self, x):

return x

The function has a qualified name attribute to support introspection:

>>>D.f.__qualname__

'D.f'

Accessing the function through the class dictionary does not invoke

__get__(). Instead, it just returns the underlying function object:

>>>D.__dict__['f']

Dotted access from a class calls __get__() which just returns the

underlying function unchanged:

>>>D.f

The interesting behavior occurs during dotted access from an instance. The

dotted lookup calls __get__() which returns a bound method object:

>>>d = D()

>>>d.f

>

Internally, the bound method stores the underlying function and the bound

instance:

>>>d.f.__func__

>>>d.f.__self__

<__main__.D object at 0x1012e1f98>

If you have ever wondered where self comes from in regular methods or where

cls comes from in class methods, this is it!