This is a total longshot, but is what turned out to be the answer for this Android newbie: are you sure your device is connected?
What happened in my case (that brought me here, thinking my app wasn't reporting crashes to LogCat) is that what I thought I was debugging turned out not to be my phone, but the Android emulator that I happened to have running at the same time. When I realized that this was happening, I quit the emulator, and the logcat stopped.
When I ran logcat again, it turns out it wasn't even finding my phone:
$ ./adb logcat
- waiting for device -
From there, I had to go through some hoops to get my phone to be recognized, such as adb not finding my device / phone (MacOS X) and enabling debugging on the phone. Lastly, I had to set android:debuggable=true.
After killing adb and running logcat again, I was looking at the right logs, and could see the crash exceptions.