本文主要向大家介绍了Linux运维知识之使用 grep 查找所有包含指定文本的文件,通过具体的内容向大家展现,希望对大家学习Linux运维知识有所帮助。
报错信息。结果显示除了文件名之外,还有包含请求字符串的行也被一起输出了。
递归地搜索包含指定字符串的文件
上面案例中忽略了所有的子目录。所谓递归搜索就是指同时搜索所有的子目录。
下面的命令会在 /etc/ 及其子目录中搜索包含 stretch 字符串的文件:# grep -R stretch /etc/*
/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretch
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretch's
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretches
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretch
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretch's
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretches
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretch
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretched
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretches
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretching
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch's
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretched
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretcher
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretcher's
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchers
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretches
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchier
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchiest
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretching
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchy
/etc/grub.d/00_header:background_image -m stretch `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root ""$GRUB_BACKGROUND""`
/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME=""Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)""
/etc/os-release:VERSION=""9 (stretch)""
搜索所有包含特定单词的文件
上面 grep 命令的案例中列出的是所有包含字符串 stretch 的文件。也就是说包含 stretches , stretched 等内容的行也会被显示。 使用 grep 的 -w 选项会只显示包含特定单词的行:# grep -Rw stretch /etc/*
/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch
/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch's
/etc/grub.d/00_header:background_image -m stretch `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root ""$GRUB_BACKGROUND""`
/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME=""Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)""
/etc/os-release:VERSION=""9 (stretch)""
显示包含特定文本的文件名
上面的命令都会产生多余的输出。下一个案例则会递归地搜索 etc 目录中包含 stretch 的文件并只输出文件名:# grep -Rl stretch /etc/*
/etc/apt/sources.list
/etc/dictionaries-common/words
/etc/grub.d/00_header
/etc/os-release
大小写不敏感的搜索
默认情况下搜索是大小写敏感的,也就是说当搜索字符串 stretch 时只会包含大小写一致内容的文件。
通过使用 grep 的 -i 选项,grep 命令还会列出所有包含 Stretch , STRETCH , StReTcH 等内容的文件,也就是说进行的是大小写不敏感的搜索。# grep -Ril stretch /etc/*
/etc/apt/sources.list
/etc/dictionaries-common/default.hash
/etc/dictionaries-common/words
/etc/grub.d/00_header
/etc/os-release
搜索时包含/排除指定文件
grep 命令也可以只在指定文件中进行搜索。比如,我们可以只在配置文件(扩展名为.conf)中搜索指定的文本/字符串。 下面这个例子就会在 /etc 目录中搜索带字符串 bash 且所有扩展名为 .conf 的文件:# grep -Ril bash /etc/*.conf
OR
# grep -Ril --include=\*.conf bash /etc/*
/etc/adduser.conf
类似的,也可以使用 –exclude 来排除特定的文件:# grep -Ril --exclude=\*.conf bash /etc/*
/etc/alternatives/view
/etc/alternatives/vim
/etc/alternatives/vi
/etc/alternatives/vimdiff
/etc/alternatives/rvim
/etc/alternatives/ex
/etc/alternatives/rview
/etc/bash.bashrc
/etc/bash_completion.d/grub
/etc/cron.daily/apt-compat
/etc/cron.daily/exim4-base
/etc/dictionaries-common/default.hash
/etc/dictionaries-common/words
/etc/inputrc
/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd-
/etc/profile
/etc/shells
/etc/skel/.profile
/etc/skel/.bashrc
/etc/skel/.bash_logout
搜索时排除指定目录
跟文件一样,grep 也能在搜索时排除指定目录。 使用 –exclude-dir 选项就行。
下面这个例子会搜索 /etc 目录中搜有包含字符串 stretch 的文件,但不包括 /etc/grub.d 目录下的文件:# grep --exclude-dir=/etc/grub.d -Rwl stretch /etc/*
/etc/apt/sources.list
/etc/dictionaries-common/words
/etc/os-release
显示包含搜索字符串的行号
-n 选项还会显示指定字符串所在行的行号:# grep -Rni bash /etc/*.conf
/etc/adduser.conf:6:DSHELL=/bin/bash
寻找不包含指定字符串的文件
最后这个例子使用 -v 来列出所有不包含指定字符串的文件。
例如下面命令会搜索 /etc 目录中不包含 stretch 的所有文件:# grep -Rlv stretch /etc/*本文由职坐标整理并发布,希望对同学们有所帮助。了解更多详情请关注系统运维Linux频道!