collections----容器数据类型
collections模块包含了除list、dict、和tuple之外的容器数据类型,如counter、defaultdict、deque、namedtuple、orderdict,下面将一一介绍。
Counter
初始化:
Counter 支持三种形式的初始化。它的构造函数可以调用序列,一个字典包含密钥和计数,或使用关键字参数映射的字符串名称。
importcollectionsprint (collections.Counter(['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'b']))print (collections.Counter({'a':2, 'b':3, 'c':1}))print (collections.Counter(a=2, b=3, c=1))
输出结果:
Counter({'b': 3, 'a': 2, 'c': 1})
Counter({'b': 3, 'a': 2, 'c': 1})
Counter({'b': 3, 'a': 2, 'c': 1})
空的Counter容器可以无参数构造,并采用update()方法进行更新
importcollections
c=collections.Counter()print ('Initial :', c)
c.update('abcdaab')print ('Sequence:', c)
c.update({'a':1, 'd':5})print ('Dict :', c)
输出结果:
Initial : Counter()
Sequence: Counter({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 1, 'd': 1})
Dict : Counter({'d': 6, 'a': 4, 'b': 2, 'c': 1})
访问计数:
当一个Counter被构造成功,它的值可以采用字典进行访问
importcollections
c= collections.Counter('abcdaab')for letter in 'abcde':print ('%s : %d' % (letter, c[letter]))
结果:
a : 3b :2c :1d :1e : 0
elements()方法可以返回一个包含所有Counter数据的迭代器
importcollections
c= collections.Counter('extremely')
c['z'] =0print(c)print (list(c.elements()))
Counter({'e': 3, 'm': 1, 'l': 1, 'r': 1, 't': 1, 'y': 1, 'x': 1, 'z': 0})
['e', 'e', 'e', 'm', 'l', 'r', 't', 'y', 'x']
most_common()返回前n个最多的数据
importcollections
c=collections.Counter('aassdddffff')for letter, count in c.most_common(2):print ('%s: %d' % (letter, count))
f: 4d:3
算法:
Counter实例支持聚合结果的算术和集合操作。
importcollections
c1= collections.Counter(['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'b'])
c2= collections.Counter('alphabet')print ('C1:', c1)print ('C2:', c2)print ('\nCombined counts:')print (c1 +c2)print ('\nSubtraction:')print (c1 -c2)print ('\nIntersection (taking positive minimums):')print (c1 &c2)print ('\nUnion (taking maximums):')print (c1 | c2)
C1: Counter({'b': 3, 'a': 2, 'c': 1})
C2: Counter({'a': 2, 'l': 1, 'p': 1, 'h': 1, 'b': 1, 'e': 1, 't': 1})
Combined counts:
Counter({'a': 4, 'b': 4, 'c': 1, 'l': 1, 'p': 1, 'h': 1, 'e': 1, 't': 1})
Subtraction:
Counter({'b': 2, 'c': 1})
Intersection (taking positive minimums):
Counter({'a': 2, 'b': 1})
Union (taking maximums):
Counter({'b': 3, 'a': 2, 'c': 1, 'l': 1, 'p': 1, 'h': 1, 'e': 1, 't': 1})
defaultdict
标准字典包括setdefault方法()获取一个值,如果值不存在,建立一个默认。相比之下,defaultdict允许调用者在初始化时预先设置默认值。
importcollectionsdefdefault_factory():return 'default value'd= collections.defaultdict(default_factory, foo='bar')print ('d:', d)print ('foo =>', d['foo'])print ('x =>', d['x'])
d: defaultdict(, {'foo': 'bar'})
foo=>bar
x=> default value
Deque
双端队列,支持从两端添加和删除元素。更常用的栈和队列是退化形式的双端队列,仅限于一端在输入和输出。
importcollections
d= collections.deque('abcdefg')print ('Deque:', d)print ('Length:', len(d))print ('Left end:', d[0])print ('Right end:', d[-1])
d.remove('c')print ('remove(c):', d)
Deque: deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'])
Length:7Left end: a
Right end: g
remove(c): deque(['a', 'b', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'])
双端队列从左右两端插入数据
importcollections#右端插入
d =collections.deque()
d.extend('abcdefg')print ('extend :', d)
d.append('h')print ('append :', d)#左端插入
d =collections.deque()
d.extendleft('abcdefg')print ('extendleft:', d)
d.appendleft('h')print ('appendleft:', d)
extend : deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'])
append : deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'])
extendleft: deque(['g', 'f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a'])
appendleft: deque(['h', 'g', 'f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a'])
类似地,双端队列的元素可以从两端获取。
importcollectionsprint ('From the right:')
d= collections.deque('abcdefg')whileTrue:try:print(d.pop())exceptIndexError:break
print ('\nFrom the left:')
d= collections.deque('abcdefg')whileTrue:try:print(d.popleft())exceptIndexError:break
From the right:
g
f
e
d
c
b
a
From the left:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
由于双端队列是线程安全的,在单独的线程中内容甚至可以从两端同时消费。
importcollectionsimportthreadingimporttime
candle= collections.deque(xrange(11))defburn(direction, nextSource):whileTrue:try:
next=nextSource()exceptIndexError:break
else:print ('%8s: %s' %(direction, next))
time.sleep(0.1)print ('%8s done' %direction)returnleft= threading.Thread(target=burn, args=('Left', candle.popleft))
right= threading.Thread(target=burn, args=('Right', candle.pop))
left.start()
right.start()
left.join()
right.join()
Left: 0
Right:10Right:9Left:1Right:8Left:2Right:7Left:3Right:6Left:4Right:5Left done
Right done
队列的另一个有用的功能是在任意方向旋转,通俗来讲就是队列的左移右移
importcollections
d= collections.deque(xrange(10))print ('Normal :', d)
d= collections.deque(xrange(10))
d.rotate(2)print ('Right rotation:', d)
d= collections.deque(xrange(10))
d.rotate(-2)print ('Left rotation :', d)
Normal : deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
Right rotation: deque([8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
Left rotation : deque([2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1])
namedtuple
标准的元组使用数值索引来访问其成员
bob = ('Bob', 30, 'male')print ('Representation:', bob)
jane= ('Jane', 29, 'female')print ('\nField by index:', jane[0])print ('\nFields by index:')for p in[ bob, jane ]:print ('%s is a %d year old %s' % p)
Representation: ('Bob', 30, 'male')
Field by index: Jane
Fields by index:
Bobis a 30year old male
Janeis a 29 year old femal
记住每个索引对应的值是很容易出错的,尤其是在元组有多个元素的情况下。namedtuple为每个成员分配了名字。
importcollections
Person= collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name age gender')print ('Type of Person:', type(Person))
bob= Person(name='Bob', age=30, gender='male')print ('\nRepresentation:', bob)
jane= Person(name='Jane', age=29, gender='female')print ('\nField by name:', jane.name)print ('\nFields by index:')for p in[ bob, jane ]:print ('%s is a %d year old %s' % p)
Type of Person: Representation: Person(name='Bob', age=30, gender='male')
Field by name: Jane
Fields by index:
Bobis a 30year old male
Janeis a 29 year old female
字段名称解析,无效值会导致ValueError
importcollectionstry:
collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name class age gender')exceptValueError, err:print(err)try:
collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name age gender age')exceptValueError, err:print (err)
Type names and field names cannot be a keyword: 'class'Encountered duplicate field name:'age'
OrderedDict
OrderedDict是字典子类,记得其内容被添加的顺序
importcollectionsprint ('Regular dictionary:')
d={}
d['a'] = 'A'd['b'] = 'B'd['c'] = 'C'd['d'] = 'D'd['e'] = 'E'
for k, v ind.items():print( k, v)print ('\nOrderedDict:')
d=collections.OrderedDict()
d['a'] = 'A'd['b'] = 'B'd['c'] = 'C'd['d'] = 'D'd['e'] = 'E'
for k, v ind.items():print (k, v)
Regular dictionary:
a A
c C
b B
e E
d D
OrderedDict:
a A
b B
c C
d D
e E