python 科研作图_Python科学画图小结

Python画图主要用到matplotlib这个库。具体来说是pylab和pyplot这两个子库。这两个库可以满足基本的画图需求，而条形图，散点图等特殊图，下面再单独具体介绍。

首先给出pylab神器镇文：pylab.rcParams.update(params)。这个函数几乎可以调节图的一切属性，包括但不限于：坐标范围，axes标签字号大小，xtick,ytick标签字号，图线宽，legend字号等。

具体参数参看官方文档：http://matplotlib.org/users/customizing.html

首先给出一个Python3画图的例子。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import matplotlib.pylab as pylab

import scipy.io

import numpy as np

params={

'axes.labelsize': '35',

'xtick.labelsize':'27',

'ytick.labelsize':'27',

'lines.linewidth':2 ,

'legend.fontsize': '27',

'figure.figsize' : '12, 9' # set figure size

}

pylab.rcParams.update(params) #set figure parameter

#line_styles=['ro-','b^-','gs-','ro--','b^--','gs--'] #set line style

#We give the coordinate date directly to give an example.

x1 = [-20,-15,-10,-5,0,0,5,10,15,20]

y1 = [0,0.04,0.1,0.21,0.39,0.74,0.78,0.80,0.82,0.85]

y2 = [0,0.014,0.03,0.16,0.37,0.78,0.81,0.83,0.86,0.92]

y3 = [0,0.001,0.02,0.14,0.34,0.77,0.82,0.85,0.90,0.96]

y4 = [0,0,0.02,0.12,0.32,0.77,0.83,0.87,0.93,0.98]

y5 = [0,0,0.02,0.11,0.32,0.77,0.82,0.90,0.95,1]

plt.plot(x1,y1,'bo-',label='m=2, p=10%',markersize=20) # in 'bo-', b is blue, o is O marker, - is solid line and so on

plt.plot(x1,y2,'gv-',label='m=4, p=10%',markersize=20)

plt.plot(x1,y3,'ys-',label='m=6, p=10%',markersize=20)

plt.plot(x1,y4,'ch-',label='m=8, p=10%',markersize=20)

plt.plot(x1,y5,'mD-',label='m=10, p=10%',markersize=20)

fig1 = plt.figure(1)

axes = plt.subplot(111)

#axes = plt.gca()

axes.set_yticks([0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0])

axes.grid(True) # add grid

plt.legend(loc="lower right") #set legend location

plt.ylabel('Percentage') # set ystick label

plt.xlabel('Difference') # set xstck label

plt.savefig('D:\\commonNeighbors_CDF_snapshots.eps',dpi = 1000,bbox_inches='tight')

plt.show()

显示效果如下：

代码没什么好说的，这里只说一下plt.subplot(111)这个函数。

plt.subplot(111)和plt.subplot(1,1,1)是等价的。意思是将区域分成1行1列，当前画的是第一个图（排序由行至列）。

plt.subplot(211)意思就是将区域分成2行1列，当前画的是第一个图（第一行，第一列）。以此类推，只要不超过10，逗号就可省去。

python画条形图。代码如下。

importscipy.ioimportnumpy as npimportmatplotlib.pylab as pylabimportmatplotlib.pyplot as pltimportmatplotlib.ticker as mtick

params={'axes.labelsize': '35','xtick.labelsize':'27','ytick.labelsize':'27','lines.linewidth':2,'legend.fontsize': '27','figure.figsize' : '24, 9'}

pylab.rcParams.update(params)

y1= [9.79,7.25,7.24,4.78,4.20]

y2= [5.88,4.55,4.25,3.78,3.92]

y3= [4.69,4.04,3.84,3.85,4.0]

y4= [4.45,3.96,3.82,3.80,3.79]

y5= [3.82,3.89,3.89,3.78,3.77]

ind= np.arange(5) #the x locations for the groups

width = 0.15plt.bar(ind,y1,width,color= 'blue',label = 'm=2')

plt.bar(ind+width,y2,width,color = 'g',label = 'm=4') #ind+width adjusts the left start location of the bar.plt.bar(ind+2*width,y3,width,color = 'c',label = 'm=6')

plt.bar(ind+3*width,y4,width,color = 'r',label = 'm=8')

plt.bar(ind+4*width,y5,width,color = 'm',label = 'm=10')

plt.xticks(np.arange(5) + 2.5*width, ('10%','15%','20%','25%','30%'))

plt.xlabel('Sample percentage')

plt.ylabel('Error rate')

fmt= '%.0f%%' #Format you want the ticks, e.g. '40%'

xticks =mtick.FormatStrFormatter(fmt)#Set the formatter

axes = plt.gca() #get current axes

axes.yaxis.set_major_formatter(xticks) #set % format to ystick.

axes.grid(True)

plt.legend(loc="upper right")

plt.savefig('D:\\errorRate.eps', format='eps',dpi = 1000,bbox_inches='tight')

plt.show()

结果如下：

画散点图，主要是scatter这个函数，其他类似。

画网络图，要用到networkx这个库，下面给出一个实例：

import networkx as nx

import pylab as plt

g = nx.Graph()

g.add_edge(1,2,weight = 4)

g.add_edge(1,3,weight = 7)

g.add_edge(1,4,weight = 8)

g.add_edge(1,5,weight = 3)

g.add_edge(1,9,weight = 3)

g.add_edge(1,6,weight = 6)

g.add_edge(6,7,weight = 7)

g.add_edge(6,8,weight = 7)

g.add_edge(6,9,weight = 6)

g.add_edge(9,10,weight = 7)

g.add_edge(9,11,weight = 6)

fixed_pos = {1:(1,1),2:(0.7,2.2),3:(0,1.8),4:(1.6,2.3),5:(2,0.8),6:(-0.6,-0.6),7:(-1.3,0.8), 8:(-1.5,-1), 9:(0.5,-1.5), 10:(1.7,-0.8), 11:(1.5,-2.3)} #set fixed layout location

#pos=nx.spring_layout(g) # or you can use other layout set in the module

nx.draw_networkx_nodes(g,pos = fixed_pos,nodelist=[1,2,3,4,5],

node_color = 'g',node_size = 600)

nx.draw_networkx_edges(g,pos = fixed_pos,edgelist=[(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,9)],edge_color='g',width = [4.0,4.0,4.0,4.0,4.0],label = [1,2,3,4,5],node_size = 600)

nx.draw_networkx_nodes(g,pos = fixed_pos,nodelist=[6,7,8],

node_color = 'r',node_size = 600)

nx.draw_networkx_edges(g,pos = fixed_pos,edgelist=[(6,7),(6,8),(1,6)],width = [4.0,4.0,4.0],edge_color='r',node_size = 600)

nx.draw_networkx_nodes(g,pos = fixed_pos,nodelist=[9,10,11],

node_color = 'b',node_size = 600)

nx.draw_networkx_edges(g,pos = fixed_pos,edgelist=[(6,9),(9,10),(9,11)],width = [4.0,4.0,4.0],edge_color='b',node_size = 600)

plt.text(fixed_pos[1][0],fixed_pos[1][1]+0.2, s = '1',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[2][0],fixed_pos[2][1]+0.2, s = '2',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[3][0],fixed_pos[3][1]+0.2, s = '3',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[4][0],fixed_pos[4][1]+0.2, s = '4',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[5][0],fixed_pos[5][1]+0.2, s = '5',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[6][0],fixed_pos[6][1]+0.2, s = '6',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[7][0],fixed_pos[7][1]+0.2, s = '7',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[8][0],fixed_pos[8][1]+0.2, s = '8',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[9][0],fixed_pos[9][1]+0.2, s = '9',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[10][0],fixed_pos[10][1]+0.2, s = '10',fontsize = 40)

plt.text(fixed_pos[11][0],fixed_pos[11][1]+0.2, s = '11',fontsize = 40)

plt.show()

结果如下：