bottle是一个轻量级的python
web框架, 可以适配各种
web服务器,包括python自带的wsgiref(默认),gevent, cherrypy,gunicorn等等。bottle是单文件形式发布,源码在
这里可以下载,代码量不多,可以用来学习web框架。
这里也有官方文档的中文翻译。 首先我们来运行一下bottle的hello world
from bottle importrunif __name__ == '__main__':defapplication(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])return ['
Hello world!
']run(host='localhost', port=8080, app=application)
上面的代码看起来也非常符合wsgi的接口规范。启动改代码,可以看到输出 Bottle v0.13-dev server starting up (using
WSGIRefServer())… Listening on http://localhost:8080/ Hit Ctrl-C to quit. 输出中加粗部分表明使用的web服务器是
python自带的wsgiref。也可以使用其他web server,比如gevent,前提是需要安装gevent,修改后的代码如下:
from bottle importrunimportgevent.monkey
gevent.monkey.patch_all()if __name__ == '__main__':defapplication(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])return ['
Hello world!
']run(host='localhost', port=8080, app=application, server = 'gevent')
通过server关键字指定web服务器为‘gevent’,输出的第一行变成了:
Bottle v0.13-dev server starting up (using
GeventServer())… 不管bottle用什么web服务器启动,在浏览器输入127.0.0.1:8080,都可以看到
下面介绍bottle中部分类和接口
bottle.Bottle 代表一个独立的wsgi应用,由一下部分组成:routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration。 __call__: Bottle定义了__call__函数, 使得Bottle的实例能成为一个
callable。在
前文提到,web框架(或Application)需要提供一个callbale对象给web服务器,bottle提供的就是Bottle实例
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):"""Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application."""
return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)
下面是Bottle.wsgi函数的核心代码,主要调用两个比较重要的函数:_handle, _cast
defwsgi(self, environ, start_response):"""The bottle WSGI-interface."""
try:
out=self._cast(self._handle(environ))#rfc2616 section 4.3
if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD':if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
out=[]
start_response(response._status_line, response.headerlist)return out
_handle:处理请求,最终调用到application ,简化后的代码如下:
1 def_handle(self, environ):2 self.trigger_hook('before_request')3 route, args =self.router.match(environ)4 out = route.call(**args)5 self.trigger_hook('after_request')6 return out
_cast: 标准的wsgi接口对Application的返回值要求严格,必须迭代返回字符串。bottle做了一些扩展,可以允许App返回更加丰富的类型,比如dict,File等。 _cast函数对_handle函数返回值进行处理,使之符合wsgi规范
bottle.Route 封装了路由规则与对应的回调
bottle.Router
A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return the first target that satisfies the request.
ServerAdapter 所有bottle适配的web服务器的基类,子类只要实现run方法就可以了,bottle里面有大量的Web服务器的适配。下表来自官网,介绍了bottle支持的各种web服务器,以及各自的特性。
Name
Homepage
Description
cgi
Run as CGI script
flup
Run as FastCGI process
gae
Helper for Google App Engine deployments
wsgiref
Single-threaded default server
cherrypy
Multi-threaded and very stable
paste
Multi-threaded, stable, tried and tested
rocket
Multi-threaded
waitress
Multi-threaded, poweres Pyramid
gunicorn
Pre-forked, partly written in C
eventlet
Asynchronous framework with WSGI support.
gevent
Asynchronous (greenlets)
diesel
Asynchronous (greenlets)
fapws3
Asynchronous (network side only), written in C
tornado
Asynchronous, powers some parts of Facebook
twisted
Asynchronous, well tested but… twisted
meinheld
Asynchronous, partly written in C
bjoern
Asynchronous, very fast and written in C
auto
Automatically selects an available server adapter
可以看到,bottle适配的web服务器很丰富。工作模式也很全面,有多线程的(如paste)、有多进程模式的(如gunicorn)、也有基于协程的(如gevent)。具体选择哪种web服务器取决于应用的特性,比如是CPU bound还是IO bound
bottle.run 启动wsgi服务器。几个比较重要的参数 app: wsgi application,即可以是bottle.Bottle 也开始是任何满足wsgi 接口的函数 server: wsgi http server,字符串 host:port: 监听端口 核心逻辑: ServerAdapter.run(app)。 最后,bottle源码中有一些使用descriptor的例子,实现很巧妙,值得一读,
前文也有介绍。 references;
http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bottlepy/bottle/master/bottle.py
http://blog.csdn.net/huithe/article/details/8087645
http://simple-is-better.com/news/59
http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/deployment.html#server-options
http://blog.rutwick.com/use-bottle-python-framework-with-google-app-engine