python中take函数_操作 numpy 数组的常用函数-CSDN博客

操作 numpy 数组的常用函数

where

使用 where 函数能将索引掩码转换成索引位置：

indices = where(mask)

indices

=> (array([11, 12, 13, 14]),)

x[indices] # this indexing is equivalent to the fancy indexing x[mask]

=> array([ 5.5, 6. , 6.5, 7. ])

diag

使用 diag 函数能够提取出数组的对角线：

diag(A)

=> array([ 0, 11, 22, 33, 44])

diag(A, -1)

array([10, 21, 32, 43])

take

take 函数与高级索引(fancy indexing)用法相似：

v2 = arange(-3,3)

=> array([-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2])

row_indices = [1, 3, 5]

v2[row_indices] # fancy indexing

=> array([-2, 0, 2])

v2.take(row_indices)

=> array([-2, 0, 2])

但是 take 也可以用在 list 和其它对象上：

take([-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2], row_indices)

=> array([-2, 0, 2])

choose

选取多个数组的部分组成新的数组：

which = [1, 0, 1, 0]

choices = [[-2,-2,-2,-2], [5,5,5,5]]

choose(which, choices)

=> array([ 5, -2, 5, -2])

线性代数

矢量化是用 Python/Numpy 编写高效数值计算代码的关键，这意味着在程序中尽量选择使用矩阵或者向量进行运算，比如矩阵乘法等。

标量运算

我们可以使用一般的算数运算符，比如加减乘除，对数组进行标量运算。

v1 = arange(0, 5)

v1 * 2

=> array([0, 2, 4, 6, 8])

v1 + 2

=> array([2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

A * 2, A + 2

=> (array([[ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8],

[20, 22, 24, 26, 28],

[40, 42, 44, 46, 48],

[60, 62, 64, 66, 68],

[80, 82, 84, 86, 88]]),

array([[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],

[12, 13, 14, 15, 16],

[22, 23, 24, 25, 26],

[32, 33, 34, 35, 36],

[42, 43, 44, 45, 46]]))

Element-wise(逐项乘) 数组-数组运算

当我们在矩阵间进行加减乘除时，它的默认行为是 element-wise(逐项乘) 的:

A * A # element-wise multiplication

=> array([[ 0, 1, 4, 9, 16],

[ 100, 121, 144, 169, 196],

[ 400, 441, 484, 529, 576],

[ 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156],

[1600, 1681, 1764, 1849, 1936]])

v1 * v1

=> array([ 0, 1, 4, 9, 16])

A.shape, v1.shape

=> ((5, 5), (5,))

A * v1

=> array([[ 0, 1, 4, 9, 16],

[ 0, 11, 24, 39, 56],

[ 0, 21, 44, 69, 96],

[ 0, 31, 64, 99, 136],

[ 0, 41, 84, 129, 176]])

矩阵代数

矩阵乘法要怎么办? 有两种方法。

1.使用 dot 函数进行矩阵－矩阵，矩阵－向量，数量积乘法：

dot(A, A)

=> array([[ 300, 310, 320, 330, 340],

[1300, 1360, 1420, 1480, 1540],

[2300, 2410, 2520, 2630, 2740],

[3300, 3460, 3620, 3780, 3940],

[4300, 4510, 4720, 4930, 5140]])

dot(A, v1)

=> array([ 30, 130, 230, 330, 430])

dot(v1, v1)

=> 30

2.将数组对象映射到 matrix 类型。

M = matrix(A)

v = matrix(v1).T # make it a column vector

=> matrix([[0],

[1],

[2],

[3],

[4]])

M * M

=> matrix([[ 300, 310, 320, 330, 340],

[1300, 1360, 1420, 1480, 1540],

[2300, 2410, 2520, 2630, 2740],

[3300, 3460, 3620, 3780, 3940],

[4300, 4510, 4720, 4930, 5140]])

M * v

=> matrix([[ 30],

[130],

[230],

[330],

[430]])

# inner product

v.T * v

=> matrix([[30]])

# with matrix objects, standard matrix algebra applies

v + M*v

=> matrix([[ 30],

[131],

[232],

[333],

[434]])

加减乘除不兼容的维度时会报错：

v = matrix([1,2,3,4,5,6]).T

shape(M), shape(v)

=> ((5, 5), (6, 1))

M * v

=> Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

M * v

File "/Applications/Spyder-Py2.app/Contents/Resources/lib/python2.7/numpy/matrixlib/defmatrix.py", line 341, in __mul__

return N.dot(self, asmatrix(other))

ValueError: shapes (5,5) and (6,1) not aligned: 5 (dim 1) != 6 (dim 0)

查看其它运算函数: inner, outer, cross, kron, tensordot。可以使用 help(kron)。

数组/矩阵变换

之前我们使用 .T 对 v 进行了转置。我们也可以使用 transpose 函数完成同样的事情。

让我们看看其它变换函数：

C = matrix([[1j, 2j], [3j, 4j]])

=> matrix([[ 0.+1.j, 0.+2.j],

[ 0.+3.j, 0.+4.j]])

共轭：

conjugate(C)

=> matrix([[ 0.-1.j, 0.-2.j],

[ 0.-3.j, 0.-4.j]])

共轭转置：

C.H

=> matrix([[ 0.-1.j, 0.-3.j],

[ 0.-2.j, 0.-4.j]])

real 与 imag 能够分别得到复数的实部与虚部：

real(C) # same as: C.real

=> matrix([[ 0., 0.],

[ 0., 0.]])

imag(C) # same as: C.imag

=> matrix([[ 1., 2.],

[ 3., 4.]])

angle 与 abs 可以分别得到幅角和绝对值：

angle(C+1) # heads up MATLAB Users, angle is used instead of arg

=> array([[ 0.78539816, 1.10714872],

[ 1.24904577, 1.32581766]])

abs(C)

=> matrix([[ 1., 2.],

[ 3., 4.]])

矩阵计算

矩阵求逆

from scipy.linalg import *

inv(C) # equivalent to C.I

=> matrix([[ 0.+2.j , 0.-1.j ],

[ 0.-1.5j, 0.+0.5j]])

C.I * C

=> matrix([[ 1.00000000e+00+0.j, 4.44089210e-16+0.j],

[ 0.00000000e+00+0.j, 1.00000000e+00+0.j]])

行列式

linalg.det(C)

=> (2.0000000000000004+0j)

linalg.det(C.I)

=> (0.50000000000000011+0j)

数据处理

将数据集存储在 Numpy 数组中能很方便地得到统计数据。为了有个感性地认识，让我们用 numpy 来处理斯德哥尔摩天气的数据。

# reminder, the tempeature dataset is stored in the data variable:

shape(data)

=> (77431, 7)

平均值

# the temperature data is in column 3

mean(data[:,3])

=> 6.1971096847515925

过去200年里斯德哥尔摩的日均温度大约是 6.2 C。

标准差与方差

std(data[:,3]), var(data[:,3])

=> (8.2822716213405663, 68.596023209663286)

最小值与最大值

# lowest daily average temperature

data[:,3].min()

=> -25.800000000000001

# highest daily average temperature

data[:,3].max()

=> 28.300000000000001

总和, 总乘积与对角线和

d = arange(0, 10)

=> array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

# sum up all elements

sum(d)

=> 45

# product of all elements

prod(d+1)

=> 3628800

# cummulative sum

cumsum(d)

=> array([ 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45])

# cummulative product

cumprod(d+1)

=> array([ 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040,

40320, 362880, 3628800])

# same as: diag(A).sum()

trace(A)

=> 110

对子数组的操作

我们能够通过在数组中使用索引，高级索引，和其它从数组提取数据的方法来对数据集的子集进行操作。

举个例子，我们会再次用到温度数据集：

!head -n 3 stockholm_td_adj.dat

1800 1 1 -6.1 -6.1 -6.1 1

1800 1 2 -15.4 -15.4 -15.4 1

1800 1 3 -15.0 -15.0 -15.0 1

该数据集的格式是：年，月，日，日均温度，最低温度，最高温度，地点。

如果我们只是关注一个特定月份的平均温度，比如说2月份，那么我们可以创建一个索引掩码，只选取出我们需要的数据进行操作：

unique(data[:,1]) # the month column takes values from 1 to 12

=> array([ 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11.,

12.])

mask_feb = data[:,1] == 2

# the temperature data is in column 3

mean(data[mask_feb,3])

=> -3.2121095707366085

拥有了这些工具我们就拥有了非常强大的数据处理能力。像是计算每个月的平均温度只需要几行代码：

months = arange(1,13)

monthly_mean = [mean(data[data[:,1] == month, 3]) for month in months]

fig, ax = subplots()

ax.bar(months, monthly_mean)

ax.set_xlabel("Month")

ax.set_ylabel("Monthly avg. temp.");

对高维数组的操作

当诸如 min, max 等函数对高维数组进行操作时，有时我们希望是对整个数组进行该操作，有时则希望是对每一行进行该操作。使用 axis 参数我们可以指定函数的行为：

m = rand(3,3)

=> array([[ 0.09260423, 0.73349712, 0.43306604],

[ 0.65890098, 0.4972126 , 0.83049668],

[ 0.80428551, 0.0817173 , 0.57833117]])

# global max

m.max()

=> 0.83049668273782951

# max in each column

m.max(axis=0)

=> array([ 0.80428551, 0.73349712, 0.83049668])

# max in each row

m.max(axis=1)

=> array([ 0.73349712, 0.83049668, 0.80428551])

改变形状与大小

Numpy 数组的维度可以在底层数据不用复制的情况下进行修改，所以 reshape 操作的速度非常快，即使是操作大数组。

=> array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],

[10, 11, 12, 13, 14],

[20, 21, 22, 23, 24],

[30, 31, 32, 33, 34],

[40, 41, 42, 43, 44]])

n, m = A.shape

B = A.reshape((1,n*m))

=> array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]])

B[0,0:5] = 5 # modify the array

=> array([[ 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]])

A # and the original variable is also changed. B is only a different view of the same data

=> array([[ 5, 5, 5, 5, 5],

[10, 11, 12, 13, 14],

[20, 21, 22, 23, 24],

[30, 31, 32, 33, 34],

[40, 41, 42, 43, 44]])

我们也可以使用 flatten 函数创建一个高阶数组的向量版本，但是它会将数据做一份拷贝。

B = A.flatten()

=> array([ 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44])

B[0:5] = 10

=> array([10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44])

A # now A has not changed, because B's data is a copy of A's, not refering to the same data

=> array([[ 5, 5, 5, 5, 5],

[10, 11, 12, 13, 14],

[20, 21, 22, 23, 24],

[30, 31, 32, 33, 34],

[40, 41, 42, 43, 44]])

增加一个新维度: newaxis

newaxis 可以帮助我们为数组增加一个新维度，比如说，将一个向量转换成列矩阵和行矩阵：

v = array([1,2,3])

shape(v)

=> (3,)

# make a column matrix of the vector v

v[:, newaxis]

=> array([[1],

[2],

[3]])

# column matrix

v[:,newaxis].shape

=> (3, 1)

# row matrix

v[newaxis,:].shape

=> (1, 3)

叠加与重复数组

函数 repeat, tile, vstack, hstack, 与 concatenate能帮助我们以已有的矩阵为基础创建规模更大的矩阵。

tile 与 repeat

a = array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

# repeat each element 3 times

repeat(a, 3)

=> array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4])

# tile the matrix 3 times

tile(a, 3)

=> array([[1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2],

[3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4]])

concatenate

b = array([[5, 6]])

concatenate((a, b), axis=0)

=> array([[1, 2],

[3, 4],

[5, 6]])

concatenate((a, b.T), axis=1)

=> array([[1, 2, 5],

[3, 4, 6]])

hstack 与 vstack

vstack((a,b))

=> array([[1, 2],

[3, 4],

[5, 6]])

hstack((a,b.T))

=> array([[1, 2, 5],

[3, 4, 6]])

浅拷贝与深拷贝

为了获得高性能，Python 中的赋值常常不拷贝底层对象，这被称作浅拷贝。

A = array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])

=> array([[1, 2],

[3, 4]])

# now B is referring to the same array data as A

B = A

# changing B affects A

B[0,0] = 10

=> array([[10, 2],

[ 3, 4]])

=> array([[10, 2],

[ 3, 4]])

如果我们希望避免改变原数组数据的这种情况，那么我们需要使用 copy 函数进行深拷贝：

B = copy(A)

# now, if we modify B, A is not affected

B[0,0] = -5

=> array([[-5, 2],

[ 3, 4]])

=> array([[10, 2],

[ 3, 4]])

遍历数组元素

通常情况下，我们是希望尽可能避免遍历数组元素的。因为迭代相比向量运算要慢的多。

但是有些时候迭代又是不可避免的，这种情况下用 Python 的 for 是最方便的：

v = array([1,2,3,4])

for element in v:

print(element)

=> 1

M = array([[1,2], [3,4]])

for row in M:

print("row", row)

for element in row:

print(element)

=> row [1 2]

row [3 4]

当我们需要遍历数组并且更改元素内容的时候，可以使用 enumerate 函数同时获取元素与对应的序号：

for row_idx, row in enumerate(M):

print("row_idx", row_idx, "row", row)

for col_idx, element in enumerate(row):

print("col_idx", col_idx, "element", element)

# update the matrix M: square each element

M[row_idx, col_idx] = element ** 2

row_idx 0 row [1 2]

col_idx 0 element 1

col_idx 1 element 2

row_idx 1 row [3 4]

col_idx 0 element 3

col_idx 1 element 4

# each element in M is now squared

array([[ 1, 4],

[ 9, 16]])

矢量化函数

像之前提到的，为了获得更好的性能我们最好尽可能避免遍历我们的向量和矩阵，有时可以用矢量算法代替。首先要做的就是将标量算法转换为矢量算法：

def Theta(x):

"""

Scalar implemenation of the Heaviside step function.

"""

if x >= 0:

return 1

else:

return 0

Theta(array([-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3]))

=> Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

Theta(array([-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3]))

File "", line 2, in Theta

if x >= 0:

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

很显然 Theta 函数不是矢量函数所以无法处理向量。

为了得到 Theta 函数的矢量化版本我们可以使用 vectorize 函数：

Theta_vec = vectorize(Theta)

Theta_vec(array([-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3]))

=> array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1])

我们也可以自己实现矢量函数:

def Theta(x):

"""

Vector-aware implemenation of the Heaviside step function.

"""

return 1 * (x >= 0)

Theta(array([-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3]))

=> array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1])

# still works for scalars as well

Theta(-1.2), Theta(2.6)

=> (0, 1)

数组与条件判断

=> array([[ 1, 4],

[ 9, 16]])

if (M > 5).any():

print("at least one element in M is larger than 5")

else:

print("no element in M is larger than 5")

=> at least one element in M is larger than 5

if (M > 5).all():

print("all elements in M are larger than 5")

else:

print("all elements in M are not larger than 5")

=> all elements in M are not larger than 5

类型转换

既然 Numpy 数组是静态类型，数组一旦生成类型就无法改变。但是我们可以显示地对某些元素数据类型进行转换生成新的数组，使用 astype 函数(可查看功能相似的 asarray 函数)：

M.dtype

=> dtype('int64')

M2 = M.astype(float)

=> array([[ 1., 4.],

[ 9., 16.]])

M2.dtype

=> dtype('float64')

M3 = M.astype(bool)

=> array([[ True, True],

[ True, True]], dtype=bool)