}
2)编译如下：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ g++ -c myfile.cpp
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ g++ -shared -fPCI -o libmy.so myfile.o
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ ar -r libmy.a myfile.o
ar: creating libmy.a
3)编译之后，查看生成的文件：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ ls -l
总计 44
-rw-r--r-- 1 quietheart quietheart 2154 07-08 16:14 libmy.a
-rwxr-xr-x 1 quietheart quietheart 5707 07-08 16:08 libmy.so
-rwxr-xr-x 1 quietheart quietheart 117 07-08 16:06 myfile.cpp
-rwxr-xr-x 1 quietheart quietheart 63 07-08 16:08 myfile.h
-rw-r--r-- 1 quietheart quietheart 2004 07-08 16:08 myfile.o
libmy.a libmy.so myfile.cpp myfile.h myfile.o
这里，分别生成目标文件myfile.o，共享库文件libmy.so，和静态库文件libmy.a。
基于以上可执行文件和库，这里给出一些常用的命令。
*读取可执行文件形式的elf文件头信息：
[quietheart@lv-k cppDemo]$ readelf -h main
输入之后，输出信息如下：
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: Intel 80386
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x8048580
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 3232 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 8
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 29
Section header string table index: 26
这里，可见可执行文件的elf文件，其类型为EXEC(可执行文件)。另外，含调试信息的"main.debug"和不含调试信息的"main"除了一些大小信息之外，其内容是一样的。并且由此可见文件的体系结构为Intel 80386。
*读取目标文件形式的elf文件头信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -h myfile.o
输入之后，输出信息大致如下：
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: REL (Relocatable file)
Machine: Intel 80386
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x0
Start of program headers: 0 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 516 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 0 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 0
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 12
这里，可见目标文件的elf文件，其类型为REL(可重定位文件)。
*读取静态库文件形式的elf文件头信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -h libmy.a
输入之后，输出信息大致如下：
File: libmy.a(myfile.o)
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: REL (Relocatable file)
Machine: Intel 80386
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x0
Start of program headers: 0 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 516 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 0 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 0
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 15
Section header string table index: 12
这里，可见静态库文件的elf文件，其类型为REL(可重定位文件)。
*读取动态库文件形式的elf文件头信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -h libmy.so
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Class: ELF32
Data: 2's complement, little endian
Version: 1 (current)
OS/ABI: UNIX - System V
ABI Version: 0
Type: DYN (Shared object file)
Machine: Intel 80386
Version: 0x1
Entry point address: 0x550
Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file)
Start of section headers: 2768 (bytes into file)
Flags: 0x0
Size of this header: 52 (bytes)
Size of program headers: 32 (bytes)
Number of program headers: 5
Size of section headers: 40 (bytes)
Number of section headers: 27
Section header string table index: 24
这里，可见动态库文件的elf文件，其类型为DYN(共享目标文件)。
*查看可执行的elf文件程序头表信息：
[quietheart@lv-k cppDemo]$ readelf -l main
输入之后，输出信息如下：
Elf file type is EXEC (Executable file)
Entry point 0x8048580
There are 8 program headers, starting at offset 52
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align
PHDR 0x000034 0x08048034 0x08048034 0x00100 0x00100 R E 0x4
INTERP 0x000134 0x08048134 0x08048134 0x00013 0x00013 R 0x1
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]
LOAD 0x000000 0x08048000 0x08048000 0x00970 0x00970 R E 0x1000
LOAD 0x000970 0x08049970 0x08049970 0x00130 0x001c8 RW 0x1000
DYNAMIC 0x000988 0x08049988 0x08049988 0x000e0 0x000e0 RW 0x4
NOTE 0x000148 0x08048148 0x08048148 0x00020 0x00020 R 0x4
GNU_EH_FRAME 0x000820 0x08048820 0x08048820 0x00044 0x00044 R 0x4
GNU_STACK 0x000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000 0x00000 RW 0x4
Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00
01 .interp
02 .interp .note.ABI-tag .gnu.hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rel.dyn .rel.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata .eh_frame_hdr .eh_frame
03 .ctors .dtors .jcr .dynamic .got .got.plt .data .bss
04 .dynamic
05 .note.ABI-tag
06 .eh_frame_hdr
07
这里，含调试信息的"main.debug"和不含调试信息的"main"其内容是一样的。
*查看目标文件的elf文件程序头表信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -l myfile.o
输入之后，输出信息类似如下：
There are no program headers in this file.
这里可知，可重定位的目标文件，它没程序头表。
*查看静态库文件的elf文件程序头表信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -l libmy.a
输入之后，输出信息类似如下：
File: libmy.a(myfile.o)
There are no program headers in this file.
这里可知，可重定位的静态库文件，它没程序头表。
*查看动态库文件的elf文件程序头表信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -l libmy.so
Elf file type is DYN (Shared object file)
Entry point 0x550
There are 5 program headers, starting at offset 52
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align
LOAD 0x000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x007f4 0x007f4 R E 0x1000
LOAD 0x0007f4 0x000017f4 0x000017f4 0x0011c 0x00128 RW 0x1000
DYNAMIC 0x000810 0x00001810 0x00001810 0x000e0 0x000e0 RW 0x4
GNU_EH_FRAME 0x000738 0x00000738 0x00000738 0x0002c 0x0002c R 0x4
GNU_STACK 0x000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000 0x00000 RW 0x4
Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00 .gnu.hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rel.dyn .rel.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata .eh_frame_hdr .eh_frame
01 .ctors .dtors .jcr .data.rel.ro .dynamic .got .got.plt .bss
02 .dynamic
03 .eh_frame_hdr
04
这里可知，做为共享目标文件的动态库，它程序头表。
*查看一个可执行的elf文件的节信息：
[quietheart@lv-k cppDemo]$ readelf -S main
输入之后，输出信息如下：
There are 29 section headers, starting at offset 0xca0:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 08048134 000134 000013 00 A 0 0 1
[ 2] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 08048148 000148 000020 00 A 0 0 4
[ 3] .gnu.hash GNU_HASH 08048168 000168 000030 04 A 4 0 4
[ 4] .dynsym DYNSYM 08048198 000198 0000d0 10 A 5 1 4
[ 5] .dynstr STRTAB 08048268 000268 000183 00 A 0 0 1
[ 6] .gnu.version VERSYM 080483ec 0003ec 00001a 02 A 4 0 2
[ 7] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 08048408 000408 000060 00 A 5 2 4
[ 8] .rel.dyn REL 08048468 000468 000010 08 A 4 0 4
[ 9] .rel.plt REL 08048478 000478 000048 08 A 4 11 4
[10] .init PROGBITS 080484c0 0004c0 000017 00 AX 0 0 4
[11] .plt PROGBITS 080484d8 0004d8 0000a0 04 AX 0 0 4
[12] .text PROGBITS 08048580 000580 000268 00 AX 0 0 16
[13] .fini PROGBITS 080487e8 0007e8 00001c 00 AX 0 0 4
[14] .rodata PROGBITS 08048804 000804 00001a 00 A 0 0 4
[15] .eh_frame_hdr PROGBITS 08048820 000820 000044 00 A 0 0 4
[16] .eh_frame PROGBITS 08048864 000864 00010c 00 A 0 0 4
[17] .ctors PROGBITS 08049970 000970 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4
[18] .dtors PROGBITS 0804997c 00097c 000008 00 WA 0 0 4
[19] .jcr PROGBITS 08049984 000984 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[20] .dynamic DYNAMIC 08049988 000988 0000e0 08 WA 5 0 4
[21] .got PROGBITS 08049a68 000a68 000004 04 WA 0 0 4
[22] .got.plt PROGBITS 08049a6c 000a6c 000030 04 WA 0 0 4
[23] .data PROGBITS 08049a9c 000a9c 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[24] .bss NOBITS 08049aa0 000aa0 000098 00 WA 0 0 8
[25] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 000aa0 000114 00 0 0 1
[26] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 000bb4 0000e9 00 0 0 1
[27] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 001128 000510 10 28 53 4
[28] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 001638 0003f4 00 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)
这里，main是可执行文件，不含调试信息。
*查看一个包含调试信息的可执行的elf文件的节信息：
[quietheart@lv-k cppDemo]$ readelf -S main.debug
输入之后，输出如下：
There are 37 section headers, starting at offset 0x88c8:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 08048134 000134 000013 00 A 0 0 1
[ 2] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 08048148 000148 000020 00 A 0 0 4
[ 3] .gnu.hash GNU_HASH 08048168 000168 000030 04 A 4 0 4
[ 4] .dynsym DYNSYM 08048198 000198 0000d0 10 A 5 1 4
[ 5] .dynstr STRTAB 08048268 000268 000183 00 A 0 0 1
[ 6] .gnu.version VERSYM 080483ec 0003ec 00001a 02 A 4 0 2
[ 7] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 08048408 000408 000060 00 A 5 2 4
[ 8] .rel.dyn REL 08048468 000468 000010 08 A 4 0 4
[ 9] .rel.plt REL 08048478 000478 000048 08 A 4 11 4
[10] .init PROGBITS 080484c0 0004c0 000017 00 AX 0 0 4
[11] .plt PROGBITS 080484d8 0004d8 0000a0 04 AX 0 0 4
[12] .text PROGBITS 08048580 000580 000268 00 AX 0 0 16
[13] .fini PROGBITS 080487e8 0007e8 00001c 00 AX 0 0 4
[14] .rodata PROGBITS 08048804 000804 00001a 00 A 0 0 4
[15] .eh_frame_hdr PROGBITS 08048820 000820 000044 00 A 0 0 4
[16] .eh_frame PROGBITS 08048864 000864 00010c 00 A 0 0 4
[17] .ctors PROGBITS 08049970 000970 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4
[18] .dtors PROGBITS 0804997c 00097c 000008 00 WA 0 0 4
[19] .jcr PROGBITS 08049984 000984 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[20] .dynamic DYNAMIC 08049988 000988 0000e0 08 WA 5 0 4
[21] .got PROGBITS 08049a68 000a68 000004 04 WA 0 0 4
[22] .got.plt PROGBITS 08049a6c 000a6c 000030 04 WA 0 0 4
[23] .data PROGBITS 08049a9c 000a9c 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[24] .bss NOBITS 08049aa0 000aa0 000098 00 WA 0 0 8
[25] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 000aa0 000114 00 0 0 1
[26] .debug_aranges PROGBITS 00000000 000bb4 000020 00 0 0 1
[27] .debug_pubnames PROGBITS 00000000 000bd4 000028 00 0 0 1
[28] .debug_info PROGBITS 00000000 000bfc 0067aa 00 0 0 1
[29] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 00000000 0073a6 000726 00 0 0 1
[30] .debug_line PROGBITS 00000000 007acc 0003e1 00 0 0 1
[31] .debug_frame PROGBITS 00000000 007eb0 00009c 00 0 0 4
[32] .debug_str PROGBITS 00000000 007f4c 000735 00 0 0 1
[33] .debug_loc PROGBITS 00000000 008681 0000f3 00 0 0 1
[34] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 008774 000151 00 0 0 1
[35] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 008e90 000590 10 36 61 4
[36] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 009420 0003f4 00 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)
可见，相对非调试版本的可执行文件，多了".debug*"段的信息。
*查看一个目标文件的elf文件的节信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -S myfile.o
输入之后，输出如下：
There are 15 section headers, starting at offset 0x204:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .text PROGBITS 00000000 000034 00009e 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 2] .rel.text REL 00000000 000744 000060 08 13 1 4
[ 3] .data PROGBITS 00000000 0000d4 000000 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 4] .bss NOBITS 00000000 0000d4 000001 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 5] .ctors PROGBITS 00000000 0000d4 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 6] .rel.ctors REL 00000000 0007a4 000008 08 13 5 4
[ 7] .rodata PROGBITS 00000000 0000d8 000006 00 A 0 0 1
[ 8] .eh_frame PROGBITS 00000000 0000e0 00008c 00 A 0 0 4
[ 9] .rel.eh_frame REL 00000000 0007ac 000028 08 13 8 4
[10] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 00016c 00002e 00 0 0 1
[11] .note.GNU-stack PROGBITS 00000000 00019a 000000 00 0 0 1
[12] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 00019a 00006a 00 0 0 1
[13] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 00045c 000180 10 14 14 4
[14] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 0005dc 000166 00 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)
*查看一个静态库文件的elf文件的节信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -S libmy.a
输入之后，输出如下：
File: libmy.a(myfile.o)
There are 15 section headers, starting at offset 0x204:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .text PROGBITS 00000000 000034 00009e 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 2] .rel.text REL 00000000 000744 000060 08 13 1 4
[ 3] .data PROGBITS 00000000 0000d4 000000 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 4] .bss NOBITS 00000000 0000d4 000001 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 5] .ctors PROGBITS 00000000 0000d4 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[ 6] .rel.ctors REL 00000000 0007a4 000008 08 13 5 4
[ 7] .rodata PROGBITS 00000000 0000d8 000006 00 A 0 0 1
[ 8] .eh_frame PROGBITS 00000000 0000e0 00008c 00 A 0 0 4
[ 9] .rel.eh_frame REL 00000000 0007ac 000028 08 13 8 4
[10] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 00016c 00002e 00 0 0 1
[11] .note.GNU-stack PROGBITS 00000000 00019a 000000 00 0 0 1
[12] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 00019a 00006a 00 0 0 1
[13] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 00045c 000180 10 14 14 4
[14] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 0005dc 000166 00 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)
*查看一个动态库文件的elf文件的节信息：
[quietheart@lv-k bak]$ readelf -S libmy.so
输入之后，输出如下：
There are 27 section headers, starting at offset 0xad0:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .gnu.hash GNU_HASH 000000d4 0000d4 00003c 04 A 2 0 4
[ 2] .dynsym DYNSYM 00000110 000110 000120 10 A 3 1 4
[ 3] .dynstr STRTAB 00000230 000230 000199 00 A 0 0 1
[ 4] .gnu.version VERSYM 000003ca 0003ca 000024 02 A 2 0 2
[ 5] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 000003f0 0003f0 000050 00 A 3 2 4
[ 6] .rel.dyn REL 00000440 000440 0000b0 08 A 2 0 4
[ 7] .rel.plt REL 000004f0 0004f0 000010 08 A 2 9 4
[ 8] .init PROGBITS 00000500 000500 000017 00 AX 0 0 4
[ 9] .plt PROGBITS 00000518 000518 000030 04 AX 0 0 4
[10] .text PROGBITS 00000550 000550 0001c4 00 AX 0 0 16
[11] .fini PROGBITS 00000714 000714 00001c 00 AX 0 0 4
[12] .rodata PROGBITS 00000730 000730 000006 00 A 0 0 1
[13] .eh_frame_hdr PROGBITS 00000738 000738 00002c 00 A 0 0 4
[14] .eh_frame PROGBITS 00000764 000764 000090 00 A 0 0 4
[15] .ctors PROGBITS 000017f4 0007f4 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4
[16] .dtors PROGBITS 00001800 000800 000008 00 WA 0 0 4
[17] .jcr PROGBITS 00001808 000808 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[18] .data.rel.ro PROGBITS 0000180c 00080c 000004 00 WA 0 0 4
[19] .dynamic DYNAMIC 00001810 000810 0000e0 08 WA 3 0 4
[20] .got PROGBITS 000018f0 0008f0 00000c 04 WA 0 0 4
[21] .got.plt PROGBITS 000018fc 0008fc 000014 04 WA 0 0 4
[22] .bss NOBITS 00001910 000910 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4
[23] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 000910 0000e6 00 0 0 1
[24] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 0009f6 0000da 00 0 0 1
[25] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 000f08 000410 10 26 48 4
[26] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 001318 000333 00 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown)
O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)
[其它]
曾想将这个命令和其他binutils(例如objcopy,objdump,gprof,gcc,gdb等编译相关工具)工具作为单独工具来分类，可是对其输出解释的不够详细，所以只能做为一个命令了，更详细地解释，需要结合对elf文件有深入地了解。
更多信息的参考资料：
http://www.cnblogs.com/amethyst623/articles/1946499.html
info readelf
info binutils
关于elf文件的资料参见:
http://linux.chinaunix.net/techdoc/beginner/2009/04/23/1108716.shtml
http://www.dz3w.com/mcu/linux/0070701.html
http://www.sudu.cn/info/html/edu/20080428/302819.html
或者"man elf"
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