python类属性定义在init外_python类内init外声明的属性与init内声明的对象属性的访问和操作区别...

python类内init外声明的属性与init内声明的对象属性的访问和操作区别(面试题)

1.在ipython中输入以下代码，其输出会是什么？

In [1]: classClassOut:

...: out_mem= ‘out_mem‘...:printout_mem

...:def __init__(self):

...: inner_mem= ‘inner_mem‘...: self.inner_mem= ‘self.inner_mem‘...: self._inner_mem= ‘self._inner_mem‘...: self.out_mem= ‘self.out_mem‘...:

In [2]: out =ClassOut()

In [3]: out.out_mem

In [4]: out._inner_mem

In [5]: out.inner_mem

In [6]: classClassOut:

...: out_mem= ‘out_mem‘...:printout_mem

...:def __init__(self):

...: inner_mem= ‘inner_mem‘...: self.inner_mem= ‘self.inner_mem‘...: self._inner_mem= ‘self._inner_mem‘...: self.out_mem1= ‘self.out_mem1‘...:

out_mem

In [7]: out =ClassOut()

In [8]: out.out_mem

In [9]: ClassOut.out_mem

In [10]: ClassOut.out_mem1

In [11]: out._inner_mem

In [12]: out.out_mem = ‘out_mem modified by object‘In [13]: ClassOut.out_mem

In [14]: out.out_mem

In [15]: out.new_mem = ‘clas‘In [16]: out.new_mem

In [17]: o =ClassOut()

In [18]: o.out_mem

In [19]: ClassOut.out_mem

In [20]: ClassOut.out_mem = ‘out_mem modified by Class‘In [21]: o.out_mem

考察：

1. python解释器处理解释class

2. 类的初始化定义方法

3. 类的__init__方法 与 class object成员定义， class instance成员的定义

4. 类定义成员时的命名约定

5. class object  与 class instance的区别

6. class object 与 class instance在处理缺失成员访问时查询域优先级的区别

7. class 定义 __private_mem 不被外部发现的元婴？ (被重命名为_[class_name]__private_mem)!!!详见如下代码!

In [48]: class ClassOut:

...: out_mem = ‘out_mem‘

...: print out_mem

...: def __init__(self):

...: inner_mem = ‘inner_mem‘

...: self.inner_mem = ‘self.inner_mem‘

...: self._inner_mem = ‘self._inner_mem‘

...: self.out_mem1 = ‘self.out_mem1‘

...: self.__private_mem = ‘self.__private_mem‘

...:

out_mem

In [49]: no = ClassOut()

In [50]: no.__private_mem

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)

in ()

----> 1no.__private_mem

AttributeError: ClassOut instance has no attribute ‘__private_mem‘

In [51]: no._ClassOut__private_mem

Out[51]: ‘self.__private_mem‘

>>>obj = object()

>>>obj.name = "whatever"

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

AttributeError: ‘object‘ object has no attribute ‘name‘

但是为什么这样就可以呢:

>>>class Object(object):pass

...

>>>Obj = Object()

>>>Obj.name = "whatever"

>>>Obj.name

‘whatever‘

>>>

答: 现在你给第二个代码块中的Object加上属性 __slots__ 试试:

>>>class Object(object):

... __slots__ = {}

...

>>>Obj = Object()

>>>Obj.name = "whatever"

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

AttributeError: ‘Object‘ object has no attribute ‘name‘

会发现抛出了同样的异常。 object 、 list 、 dict 等内置函数都如此。

拥有 __slots__ 属性的类在实例化对象时不会自动分配 __dict__ ，而obj.attr 即 obj.__dict__[‘attr‘], 所以会引起 AttributeError

对于拥有 __slots__ 属性的类的实例 Obj 来说，只能对 Obj 设置__slots__ 中有的属性:

>>>class Object(object):

... __slots__ = {"a","b"}

...

>>>Obj = Object()

>>>Obj.a = 1

>>>Obj.a

1

>>>Obj.c = 1

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

AttributeError: ‘Object‘ object has no attribute ‘c‘