python中power的用法_Python中的一些特殊用法

1、一些特殊的方法

__init__(self,...)

这个方法在新建对象恰好要被返回使用之前被调用。

__del__(self)

恰好在对象要被删除之前调用。

__str__(self)

在我们对对象使用print语句或是使用str()的时候调用。

__lt__(self,other)

当使用小于运算符(<)的时候调用。类似地,对于所有的运算符(+,>等等)都有特殊的方法。

__getitem__(self,key)

使用x[key]索引操作符的时候调用。

__len__(self)对序列对象使用内建的len()函数的时候调用。

2、列表综合

通过列表综合,可以从一个已有的列表导出一个新的列表。例如,你有一个数的列表,而你想要得到一个对应的列表,使其中所有大于2的数都是原来的2倍。对于这种应用,列表综合是最理想的方法。

使用列表综合:

#!/usr/bin/python

# Filename: list_comprehension.py

listone = [2,3,4]

listtwo = [2*i for i in listone if i>2]

print listtwo

[root@gflinux102 code]# python list_comprehension.py

[6, 8]

为满足条件(if i > 2)的数指定了一个操作(2*i),从而导出一个新的列表。注意原来的列表并没有发生变化。在很多时候,我们都是使用循环来处理列表中的每一个元素,而使用列表综合可以用一种更加精确、简洁、清楚的方法完成相同的工作。

3、在函数中接受元组和列表

当要使函数接收元组或字典形式的参数的时候,有一种特殊的方法,它分别使用*和**前缀。这种方法在函数需要获取可变数量的参数的时候特别有用。

#!/usr/bin/python

# Filename: args.py

def powersum(power,*args):

'''Return the sum of each argument raised to

specified power.'''

total = 0

for i in args:

total += pow(i,power)

return total

[root@gflinux102 code]# python

Python 2.4.3 (#1, Dec 10 2010, 17:24:32)

[GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-50)] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> def powersum(power,*args):

... '''Return the sum of each argument raised to

... specified power.'''

... total = 0

... for i in args:

... total += pow(i,power)

... return total

...

>>> powersum(2,3,4)

25

>>> powersum(2,10)

100

>>>

由于在args变量前有*前缀,所有多余的函数参数都会作为一个元组存储在args中。如果使用的是**前缀,多余的参数则会被认为是一个字典的键/值对。

4、lampda

lambda语句被用来创建新的函数对象,并且在运行时返回它们。

#!/usr/bin/python

# Filename: lambda.py

def make_repeater(n):

return lambda s: s*n

twice = make_repeater(2)

print twice('word')

print twice(5)

[root@gflinux102 code]# python lambda.py

wordword

10

使用了make_repeater函数在运行时创建新的函数对象,并且返回它。lambda语句用来创建函数对象。本质上,lambda需要一个参数,后面仅跟单个表达式作为函数体,而表达式的值被这个新建的函数返回。注意,即便是print语句也不能用在lambda形式中,只能使用表达式。

5、exec和eval语句

exec语句用来执行储存在字符串或文件中的Python语句。例如,我们可以在运行时生成一个包含Python代码的字符串,然后使用exec语句执行这些语句。

[root@gflinux102 code]# python

Python 2.4.3 (#1, Dec 10 2010, 17:24:32)

[GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-50)] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> exec 'print "Hello World"'

Hello World

eval语句用来计算存储在字符串中的有效Python表达式。

>>> eval('2*4')

8

>>>

6、assert语句

用来声明某个条件是真的。例如,如果你非常确信某个你使用的列表中至少有一个元素,而你想要检验这一点,并且在它非真的时候引发一个错误,那么assert语句是应用在这种情形下的理想语句。当assert语句失败的时候,会引发一个AssertionError。

>>> mylist = ['item']

>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1

>>> mylist.pop()

'item'

>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in ?

AssertionError

6、repr函数

repr函数用来取得对象的规范字符串表示。反引号(也称转换符)可以完成相同的功能。注意,在大多数时候有eval(repr(object)) == object。

>>> i = []

>>> i.append('item')

>>> i

['item']

>>> `i`

"['item']"

>>> repr(i)

"['item']"

>>>

基本上,repr函数和反引号用来获取对象的可打印的表示形式是一直的。你可以通过定义类的__repr__方法来控制你的对象在被repr函数调用的时候返回的内容。

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CHAPTER 1 About Python ............................................................................................1 What Is Python? ................................................................................................................1 A Brief History of Python ................................................................................................2 Interpreters Versus Compilers .......................................................................................5 When to Use (or Not Use) an Interpreted Language .........................................8 Understanding Bytecodes ......................................................................................10 Why Use Python? ...........................................................................................................11 Object-Oriented ........................................................................................................11 Cross Platform ..........................................................................................................11 Broad User Base .......................................................................................................11 Well Supported in Third-Party Tools ...................................................................12 Good Selection of Tools Available ........................................................................12 Good Selection of Pre-built Libraries ..................................................................12 Where Is Python Used? .................................................................................................13 How Is Python Licensed? ..............................................................................................13 Where Do I Get Python? ...............................................................................................14 Installing Python ............................................................................................................14 Getting Information on Python ..................................................................................16 Python Communities .....................................................................................................17 Other Software ................................................................................................................18 And Now for Something Completely Different… ....................................................18 CHAPTER 2 Python Language Overview .................................................................19 Python Syntax .................................................................................................................20 Comments .................................................................................................................20 Indentation ...............................................................................................................20 Contents TABLE OF} vii Q Q Q Python Reserved Words ................................................................................................24 Decision Making and Iteration Keywords ..........................................................25 Debugging Keywords ..............................................................................................27 Package and Module Handling Keywords .........................................................27 Exception Handling Keywords ..............................................................................29 General Language Keywords .................................................................................31 Other Keywords ........................................................................................................32 Variable Usage ................................................................................................................34 The Continuation Variable ....................................................................................36 Watching Out for Spelling Mistakes! ..................................................................37 Predicates .........................................................................................................................38 Identifier Scope ...............................................................................................................39 Operators .........................................................................................................................42 Modulo Operator .....................................................................................................44 Exponential Operator .............................................................................................46 Logical Operators ....................................................................................................46 Comparative Operators ..........................................................................................49 Bitwise Operators ....................................................................................................51 Membership Operators and String Operators ..................................................53 Identity Operators ...................................................................................................53 In Conclusion ..................................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 3 Tools ..........................................................................................................55 IDLE ...................................................................................................................................55 File Menu ...................................................................................................................57 The Path Browser Dialog ........................................................................................62 Edit Menu ..................................................................................................................64 Shell Menu .................................................................................................................70 Debug Menu ..............................................................................................................71 The Edit Window ......................................................................................................79 Format Menu ............................................................................................................80 CONTENTS viii Q Q Q Command Line Compiler ..............................................................................................90 Creating Python Files ....................................................................................................93 Documentation ...............................................................................................................95 In Conclusion ..................................................................................................................96 CHAPTER 4 Data Types ...............................................................................................97 Numeric Types ................................................................................................................98 Integers ......................................................................................................................98 Demonstrating Long Integers ...............................................................................99 Octal and Hexadecimal ........................................................................................100 Floating Point Numbers .............................................................................................101 Strings ............................................................................................................................103 String Variables .....................................................................................................103 Concatenating Strings .........................................................................................106 Repeating Strings ..................................................................................................107 Substrings ...............................................................................................................108 Slicing ......................................................................................................................110 String Functions ....................................................................................................111 String Constants ....................................................................................................112 Conversion Functions ...........................................................................................114 Search Functions ...................................................................................................118 Formatting Functions ..........................................................................................120 Escape Sequences ..................................................................................................121 Sequences ......................................................................................................................122 Lists ..........................................................................................................................123 Shared References .................................................................................................128 Tuples .......................................................................................................................128 Dictionaries ............................................................................................................132 Advanced Type .............................................................................................................136 Classes and Objects ..............................................................................................136 Complex Type .........................................................................................................137 Generator Type ......................................................................................................138 CONTENTS ix Q Q Q None Type ...............................................................................................................139 Unicode Type ..........................................................................................................140 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................141 CHAPTER 5 Control Flow .........................................................................................143 Conditionals ..................................................................................................................144 The if Statement ..................................................................................................144 The elif Statement .............................................................................................147 The else Statement .............................................................................................149 Wrapping Up the Conditionals: A Cool Example ...........................................150 Loops ..............................................................................................................................153 The for Loop ..........................................................................................................153 The while Loop .....................................................................................................161 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................164 CHAPTER 6 Input and Output ................................................................................165 User Input ......................................................................................................................165 The input Function ..............................................................................................166 The raw_input Function ....................................................................................168 User Output ...................................................................................................................170 Formatting ..............................................................................................................172 File Input .......................................................................................................................175 File Output ....................................................................................................................177 Closing Files ..................................................................................................................179 Positioning in Files ......................................................................................................180 Directories and Files ...................................................................................................183 The stat Module: File Statistics ..............................................................................186 Command Line Arguments ........................................................................................190 Pickle ..............................................................................................................................192 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................195 CONTENTS x Q Q Q CHAPTER 7 Functions and Modules .....................................................................197 What Is a Function? ....................................................................................................197 Defining Functions in Python ...................................................................................197 What Are Arguments? ................................................................................................200 How Do You Pass an Argument to a Function? ....................................................201 Default Arguments ......................................................................................................203 Variable Default Arguments .....................................................................................205 Keyword Arguments ....................................................................................................206 Returning Values from Functions ............................................................................207 Returning Multiple Values from Functions ...........................................................209 Recursive Functions ....................................................................................................210 Passing Functions as Arguments .............................................................................212 Lambda Functions .......................................................................................................213 Variable Numbers of Arguments to a Function ....................................................215 Variable Scope in Functions ......................................................................................216 Using Modules ..............................................................................................................218 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................219 CHAPTER 8 Exception Handling ............................................................................221 Looking at Exceptions in Python ..............................................................................222 Traceback Example ......................................................................................................223 Understanding Tracebacks ........................................................................................224 Exceptions .....................................................................................................................225 Catching Exceptions with try..except .........................................................226 Multiple except Clauses .....................................................................................229 Blank except Clauses ..........................................................................................231 The else Clauses .........................................................................................................232 The finally Clause ....................................................................................................234 Raising Your Own Exceptions ...................................................................................235 Exception Arguments .................................................................................................237 User-Defined Exceptions ............................................................................................238 Working with the Exception Information ..............................................................239 CONTENTS xi Q Q Q exc_type ................................................................................................................239 exc_value ..............................................................................................................240 Using the with Clause for Files ................................................................................243 Re-throwing Exceptions .............................................................................................244 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................246 CHAPTER 9 Object-Oriented Programming .........................................................247 A Brief History of OOP ................................................................................................247 What Is an Object? ......................................................................................................248 Why Do We Use Objects? ...........................................................................................249 Reuse ........................................................................................................................249 Ease in Debugging .................................................................................................250 Maintainability ......................................................................................................250 The Attributes of Object-Oriented Development .................................................251 Abstraction .............................................................................................................251 Data Hiding ............................................................................................................252 Inheritance .............................................................................................................253 Polymorphism ........................................................................................................255 Terminology ..................................................................................................................256 Class .........................................................................................................................256 Object .......................................................................................................................256 Attribute ..................................................................................................................257 Method ....................................................................................................................258 Message Passing ....................................................................................................259 Event Handling ......................................................................................................260 Derivation ...............................................................................................................260 Coupling ..................................................................................................................261 Cohesion ..................................................................................................................261 Constants ................................................................................................................261 Other Concepts .............................................................................................................262 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................262 CONTENTS xii Q Q Q CHAPTER 10 Classes and Objects in Python ..........................................................265 Python Classes ..............................................................................................................265 Properties ......................................................................................................................267 Attribute Modifying Functions .................................................................................272 Private Attributes ........................................................................................................274 Doc Strings ....................................................................................................................275 Properties ......................................................................................................................277 The self Object ...........................................................................................................279 Methods .........................................................................................................................281 Special Methods ...........................................................................................................283 Initialization ...........................................................................................................283 Termination ............................................................................................................284 String Conversion ..................................................................................................285 Inheritance ....................................................................................................................287 Multiple Inheritance ...................................................................................................291 Using super ..................................................................................................................293 Polymorphism ..............................................................................................................295 Exception Classes .........................................................................................................297 Iterators .........................................................................................................................299 Operator Overloading .................................................................................................301 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................304 CHAPTER 11 The Python Library ..............................................................................305 Containers .....................................................................................................................305 Working with the deque Class ...........................................................................306 Math ................................................................................................................................312 Complex Math ..............................................................................................................313 Types ...............................................................................................................................315 Strings ............................................................................................................................318 Regular Expressions ....................................................................................................319 Patterns ...................................................................................................................320 Special Sequence Characters ..............................................................................323 CONTENTS xiii Q Q Q Compiling Regular Expressions .........................................................................323 Matching Strings ...................................................................................................324 Meta Characters ....................................................................................................326 Grouping .................................................................................................................327 System ............................................................................................................................328 Random Number Generation ....................................................................................330 Dates and Times ...........................................................................................................331 Creating a New Time ............................................................................................332 Time Operations ....................................................................................................332 Creating a New Date .............................................................................................333 Date Operations ....................................................................................................333 Time Zone Information ........................................................................................335 Operating System Interface .......................................................................................336 System Information ..............................................................................................336 Process Management ...........................................................................................337 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................341 CHAPTER 12 The GUI — TkInter ...............................................................................343 What Is TkInter? ...........................................................................................................343 Terms and Conditions .................................................................................................343 Event Handling ......................................................................................................344 Callbacks .................................................................................................................344 Widgets ....................................................................................................................345 Layout Managers ...................................................................................................345 Working with TkInter .................................................................................................346 Creating a Label ...........................................................................................................347 Frame Widgets and Centering ..................................................................................349 An Application with a Button ...................................................................................351 Working with Entry Fields and Grid Layouts ........................................................353 Creating a Class to Handle User Interfaces ...........................................................356 Working with List Boxes ............................................................................................358 Scrolling a List Box ................................................................................................361 CONTENTS xiv Q Q Q Menus .............................................................................................................................363 Context Menus .............................................................................................................366 Scale Widgets ................................................................................................................367 RadioButtons and CheckButton ...............................................................................370 Text Widgets .................................................................................................................373 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................375 CHAPTER 13 The Web Server—Apache ...................................................................377 Setting Up Apache .......................................................................................................377 Testing Apache .............................................................................................................378 Your First Python CGI Script: Hello Apache ...........................................................379 Examining the Hello Python Script ...................................................................380 The cgi-bin Directory ............................................................................................381 A Script for Displaying the Environment ...............................................................382 Receiving Data from an HTML File ..........................................................................384 Sending Data to an HTML File ..................................................................................387 How It All Works ...................................................................................................390 Dynamic HTML Displays Based on User Input ......................................................391 HTML Elements ............................................................................................................396 Cookies ...........................................................................................................................399 Uploading Files ............................................................................................................402 Redirection ....................................................................................................................403 Error Handling ..............................................................................................................405 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................406 CHAPTER 14 Working with Databases ...................................................................407 What Is a Database? ...................................................................................................407 Simple Database Terminology ...........................................................................408 What Is MySQL? ...........................................................................................................409 Downloading and Installing ......................................................................................409 Creating a New Database ..........................................................................................410 Creating a New User ....................................................................................................414 CONTENTS xv Q Q Q Opening an Existing Database .................................................................................415 Writing to a Database ................................................................................................417 Reading from a Database ..........................................................................................421 Updating a Database ..................................................................................................424 Deleting from a Database ..........................................................................................427 Searching a Database .................................................................................................430 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................436 CHAPTER 15 Putting It All Together .......................................................................437 Designing the Application .........................................................................................437 Program Flow .........................................................................................................437 User Interface Design ...........................................................................................438 Database Design ...................................................................................................439 Implementing the Database Tables ........................................................................440 Implementing the Forms ...........................................................................................442 Adding Reviews ............................................................................................................449 Adding the Review to the Database ........................................................................452 Listing the Reviews ......................................................................................................456 Deleting Books .............................................................................................................459 In Conclusion ................................................................................................................462 CHAPTER 16 Python and Graphics ..........................................................................463 The PIL Library ..............................................................................................................463 Downloading ..........................................................................................................464 Installing .................................................................................................................464 Verifying Your Installation ..................................................................................465 Creating a New Image ................................................................................................465 Function Parameters ............................................................................................466 Drawing on the Image ................................................................................................467 Drawing the Image ...............................................................................................468 Displaying the Image ...........................................................................................470 CONTENTS xvi Q Q Q

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