计算机软件微观,[计算机软件及应用]范里安中级《微观经济学》PPT免费版.ppt

[计算机软件及应用]范里安中级《微观经济学》PPT免费版

* Perfect substitutes Perfect complements Cobb-Douglas Examples of Returns-to-Scale RtS: Perfect substitutes The perfect-substitutes productionfunction is RtS: Perfect Complements The perfect-complements productionfunction is RtS: Cobb-Douglas The Cobb-Douglas production function is 18.1 How to describe technology? technology is a process by which inputs are converted to an output. Output and inputs are flows. Production (possibility) Set and production plan Production set (生产集 Y): A production plan (生产计划 y): y =(y1, y2,…yn)? Y yi<0, input; yi>0 output * Production plan and production function (生产函数) Production plan is more general than production function. Why? A: Production function: Production function is the boundary of production set. * Production function y denotes the output level. (x1, x2, … , xn): input bundle or factors of production. xi: the amount of input i. Production Set: graphically x’ x Input Level Output Level y’ One input, one output y” The productionset * Technologies with Multiple Inputs Q: How to show the technologies with two inputs graphically? A: 18.2 Isoquant (等产量线) and Technical rate of substitution (技术替代率) Isoquant: a curve shows all combinations of inputs that can be used to produce the same level of output. The isoquant map is equivalent to the production function Well-behaved Isoquant An isoquant is well-behaved if the technology is monotonic, and convex. Property of Technology: Monotone Monotone (free disposal ): If you increase the amount of at least one of the inputs it should be possible to produce at least as much output as you were producing originally. Monotone and convexity x2 x1 yo100 yo200 higher output Property of technology: Convexity Convexity: If the input bundles x’ and x” both provide y units of output then the mixture tx’ + (1-t)x” provides at least y units of output, for any 0 < t < 1. Convexity x2 x1 yo100 yo120 The slope of Isoquants： TRS 技术替代率 (TRS 技术替代率) the