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目录
- 简介
- JUnit 4 和 JUnit 5 的差异
- 忽略测试用例执行
- RunWith 配置
- @Before、@BeforeClass、@After、@AfterClass 被替换
- 开发环境
- 示例
简介
Spring Boot 2.2.0 版本开始引入 JUnit 5 作为单元测试默认库,在 Spring Boot 2.2.0 版本之前,spring-boot-starter-test 包含了 JUnit 4 的依赖,Spring Boot 2.2.0 版本之后替换成了 Junit Jupiter。
JUnit 4 和 JUnit 5 的差异
1. 忽略测试用例执行
JUnit 4:
@Test@Ignorepublic void testMethod() { // ...}
JUnit 5:
@Test@Disabled("explanation")public void testMethod() { // ...}
2. RunWith 配置
JUnit 4:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)@SpringBootTestpublic class ApplicationTests { @Test public void contextLoads() { }}
JUnit 5:
@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)@SpringBootTestpublic class ApplicationTests { @Test public void contextLoads() { }}
3. @Before、@BeforeClass、@After、@AfterClass 被替换
- @BeforeEach 替换 @Before
- @BeforeAll 替换 @BeforeClass
- @AfterEach 替换 @After
- @AfterAll 替换 @AfterClass
开发环境
- JDK 8
示例
1.创建 Spring Boot 工程。
2.添加 spring-boot-starter-web 依赖,最终 pom.xml 如下。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 4.0.0 org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-parent 2.2.6.RELEASE tutorial.spring.boot spring-boot-junit5 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT spring-boot-junit5 Demo project for Spring Boot Unit Test with JUnit 5 1.8 org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-web org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-test test org.junit.vintage junit-vintage-engine org.springframework.boot spring-boot-maven-plugin
3.工程创建好之后自动生成了一个测试类。
package tutorial.spring.boot.junit5;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;@SpringBootTestclass SpringBootJunit5ApplicationTests { @Test void contextLoads() { }}
这个测试类的作用是检查应用程序上下文是否可正常启动。@SpringBootTest 注解告诉 Spring Boot 查找带 @SpringBootApplication 注解的主配置类,并使用该类启动 Spring 应用程序上下文。Java知音公众号内回复“后端面试”, 送你一份Java面试题宝典
4.补充待测试应用逻辑代码
4.1. 定义 Service 层接口
package tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.service;public interface HelloService { String hello(String name);}
4.2. 定义 Controller 层
package tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;import tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.service.HelloService;@RestControllerpublic class HelloController { private final HelloService helloService; public HelloController(HelloService helloService) { this.helloService = helloService; } @GetMapping("/hello/{name}") public String hello(@PathVariable("name") String name) { return helloService.hello(name); }}
4.3. 定义 Service 层实现
package tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.service.impl;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.service.HelloService;@Servicepublic class HelloServiceImpl implements HelloService { @Override public String hello(String name) { return "Hello, " + name; }}
5.编写发送 HTTP 请求的单元测试。
package tutorial.spring.boot.junit5;import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;import org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.TestRestTemplate;import org.springframework.boot.web.server.LocalServerPort;@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)public class HttpRequestTest { @LocalServerPort private int port; @Autowired private TestRestTemplate restTemplate; @Test public void testHello() { String requestResult = this.restTemplate.getForObject("http://127.0.0.1:" + port + "/hello/spring", String.class); Assertions.assertThat(requestResult).contains("Hello, spring"); }}
说明:
- webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT 使用本地的一个随机端口启动服务;
- @LocalServerPort 相当于 @Value("${local.server.port}");
- 在配置了 webEnvironment 后,Spring Boot 会自动提供一个 TestRestTemplate 实例,可用于发送 HTTP 请求。
- 除了使用 TestRestTemplate 实例发送 HTTP 请求外,还可以借助 org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc 完成类似功能,代码如下:
package tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.controller;import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers;@SpringBootTest@AutoConfigureMockMvcpublic class HelloControllerTest { @Autowired private HelloController helloController; @Autowired private MockMvc mockMvc; @Test public void testNotNull() { Assertions.assertThat(helloController).isNotNull(); } @Test public void testHello() throws Exception { this.mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hello/spring")) .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print()) .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk()) .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("Hello, spring")); }}
以上测试方法属于整体测试,即将应用上下文全都启动起来,还有一种分层测试方法,譬如仅测试 Controller 层。
6.分层测试。
package tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.controller;import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.mockito.Mockito;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest;import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers;import tutorial.spring.boot.junit5.service.HelloService;@WebMvcTestpublic class HelloControllerTest { @Autowired private HelloController helloController; @Autowired private MockMvc mockMvc; @MockBean private HelloService helloService; @Test public void testNotNull() { Assertions.assertThat(helloController).isNotNull(); } @Test public void testHello() throws Exception { Mockito.when(helloService.hello(Mockito.anyString())).thenReturn("Mock hello"); this.mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/hello/spring")) .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print()) .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk()) .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("Mock hello")); }}
说明:
@WebMvcTest 注释告诉 Spring Boot 仅实例化 Controller 层,而不去实例化整体上下文,还可以进一步指定仅实例化 Controller 层的某个实例:@WebMvcTest(HelloController.class);
因为只实例化了 Controller 层,所以依赖的 Service 层实例需要通过 @MockBean 创建,并通过 Mockito 的方法指定 Mock 出来的 Service 层实例在特定情况下方法调用时的返回结果。