1 测量函数运行时间
importtimedefprofile(func):def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):importtime
start=time.time()
func(*args, **kwargs)
end=time.time()print 'COST: {}'.format(end -start)returnwrapper
@profiledeffib(n):if n<= 2:return 1
return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
fib(35)
2 启动多个线程,并等待完成
2.1 使用threading.enumerate()
importthreadingfor i in range(2):
t= threading.Thread(target=fib, args=(35,))
t.start()
main_thread=threading.currentThread()for t inthreading.enumerate():if t ismain_thread:continuet.join()
2.2 先保存启动的线程
threads =[]for i in range(5):
t= Thread(target=foo, args=(i,))
threads.append(t)
t.start()for t inthreads:
t.join()
3 使用信号量,限制同时能有几个线程访问临界区
from threading importSemaphoreimporttime
sema= Semaphore(3)deffoo(tid):
with sema:print('{} acquire sema'.format(tid))
wt= random() * 2time.sleep(wt)print('{} release sema'.format(tid))
4 锁,相当于信号量为1的情况
from threading importThread Lock
value=0
lock=Lock()defgetlock():globallock
with lock:
new= value + 1time.sleep(0.001)
value= new
5 可重入锁RLock
acquire() 可以不被阻塞的被同一个线程调用多次,release()需要和acquire()调用次数匹配才能释放锁
6 条件 Condition
一个线程发出信号,另一个线程等待信号
常用于生产者-消费者模型
importtimeimportthreadingdefconsumer(cond):
t=threading.currentThread()
with cond:
cond.wait()print("{}: Resource is available to sonsumer".format(t.name))defproducer(cond):
t=threading.currentThread()
with cond:print("{}: Making resource available".format(t.name))
cond.notifyAll()
condition=threading.Condition()
c1= threading.Thread(name='c1', target=consumer, args=(condition,))
c2= threading.Thread(name='c2', target=consumer, args=(condition,))
p= threading.Thread(name='p', target=producer, args=(condition,))
c1.start()
c2.start()
p.start()
7 事件 Event
感觉和Condition 差不多
importtimeimportthreadingfrom random importrandint
TIMEOUT= 2
defconsumer(event, l):
t=threading.currentThread()while 1:
event_is_set=event.wait(TIMEOUT)ifevent_is_set:try:
integer=l.pop()print '{} popped from list by {}'.format(integer, t.name)
event.clear()#重置事件状态
except IndexError: #为了让刚启动时容错
pass
defproducer(event, l):
t=threading.currentThread()while 1:
integer= randint(10, 100)
l.append(integer)print '{} appended to list by {}'.format(integer, t.name)
event.set()#设置事件
time.sleep(1)
event=threading.Event()
l=[]
threads=[]for name in ('consumer1', 'consumer2'):
t= threading.Thread(name=name, target=consumer, args=(event, l))
t.start()
threads.append(t)
p= threading.Thread(name='producer1', target=producer, args=(event, l))
p.start()
threads.append(p)for t inthreads:
t.join()
8 线程队列
线程队列有task_done() 和 join()
标准库里的例子
往队列内放结束标志,注意do_work阻塞可能无法结束,需要用超时
importqueuedefworker():whileTrue:
item=q.get()if item isNone:breakdo_work(item)
q.task_done()
q=queue.Queue()
threads=[]for i inrange(num_worker_threads):
t= threading.Thread(target=worker)
t.start()
threads.append(t)for item insource():
q.put(item)
q.join()for i inrange(num_worker_threads):
q.put(None)for t inthreads:
t.join()
9 优先级队列 PriorityQueue
importthreadingfrom random importrandintfrom queue importPriorityQueue
q=PriorityQueue()defdouble(n):return n * 2
defproducer():
count=0while 1:if count > 5:breakpri= randint(0, 100)print('put :{}'.format(pri))
q.put((pri, double, pri))#(priority, func, args)
count += 1
defconsumer():while 1:ifq.empty():breakpri, task, arg=q.get()print('[PRI:{}] {} * 2 = {}'.format(pri, arg, task(arg)))
q.task_done()
time.sleep(0.1)
t= threading.Thread(target=producer)
t.start()
time.sleep(1)
t= threading.Thread(target=consumer)
t.start()
10 线程池
当线程执行相同的任务时用线程池
10.1 multiprocessing.pool 中的线程池
from multiprocessing.pool importThreadPool
pool= ThreadPool(5)
pool.map(lambda x: x**2, range(5))
10.2 multiprocessing.dummy
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool
10.3 concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor
fromconcurrent.futures improt ThreadPoolExecutorfrom concurrent.futures importas_completedimporturllib.request
URLS= ['http://www.baidu.com', 'http://www.hao123.com']defload_url(url, timeout):
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as conn:returnconn.read()
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
future_to_url= {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url inURLS}for future inas_completed(future_to_url):
url=future_to_url[future]try:
data=future.result()
execpt Exception as exc:print("%r generated an exception: %s" %(url, exc))else:print("%r page is %d bytes" %(url, len(data)))
11 启动多进程,等待多个进程结束
importmultiprocessing
jobs=[]for i in range(2):
p= multiprocessing.Process(target=fib, args=(12,))
p.start()
jobs.append(p)for p injobs:
p.join()
12 进程池
12.1 multiprocessing.Pool
from multiprocessing importPool
pool= Pool(2)
pool.map(fib, [36] * 2)
12.2 concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor
from concurrent.futures importProcessPoolExecutorimportmath
PRIMES= [ 112272535095293, 112582705942171]defis_prime(n):if n < 2:returnFalseif n == 2:returnTrueif n % 2 ==0:returnFalse
sqrt_n=int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2):if n % i ==0:returnFalsereturnTrueif __name__ == "__main__":
with ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:for number, prime inzip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)):print("%d is prime: %s" %(number, prime))
13 asyncio
13.1 最基本的示例,单个任务
importasyncio
asyncdefhello():print("Hello world!")
await asyncio.sleep(1)print("Hello again")
loop=asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(hello())
loop.close()
13.2 最基本的示例,多个任务
importasyncio
asyncdefhello():print("Hello world!")
await asyncio.sleep(1)print("Hello again")
loop=asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks=[hello(), hello()]
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
loop.close()
13.3 结合httpx 执行多个任务并接收返回结果
httpx 接口和 requests基本一致
importasyncioimporthttpx
asyncdefget_url():
r= await httpx.get("http://www.baidu.com")returnr.status_code
loop=asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks= [get_url() for i in range(10)]
results= loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()for num, result in zip(range(10), results):print(num, result)