1.简介
LVM是Logical Volume Manager(逻辑卷管理)的缩写,是Linux环境下对磁盘分区进行管理的一种机制。 LVM逻辑卷三种状态:
- PV: Physical Volume 物理卷
- VG: Volume Group 卷组
- LV: Logical Volume 逻辑卷
2.问题介绍
通过df
查看,/home
所在目录空间即将用尽,
而且通过lsblk
查看磁盘空间,发现可以分配给此LVM卷的空间只剩余100G。如何增加此逻辑卷的容量呢?
此时,可以选择直接扩展磁盘剩余的100G空间给该逻辑卷,本为未对此做介绍,但是已经包含了执行方法,本文介绍是整个该逻辑卷所在的磁盘分区空间用尽时,如何增加逻辑卷的空间。
3.扩展逻辑卷所在分区空间的方法
两种方法:
- 既然逻辑卷所在的分区空间用尽,那么通过新建一个磁盘分区,在该磁盘创建PV,添加到逻辑磁盘所在的VG中,即可以实现逻辑卷的
free PE
扩展 - 通过先卸载此逻辑卷的挂载,通过磁盘管理工具修改该逻辑卷所在分区的大小,然后通过PV扩展添加到逻辑卷中。
3.1 新建磁盘分区添加到PV中
3.1.1 未扩展前PV状态以及文件系统状态
PV状态
文件系统状态
3.1.2 新建分区
可以通过fdisk,parted,gpart
等工具新建磁盘分区,本文通过fdisk
新建分区
[root@localhost 7:0:0:0]# fdisk /dev/sdb WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion. Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 40002.3 GB, 40002251653120 bytes, 78129397760 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk label type: gpt Disk identifier: C15EE16D-E5C8-41A4-8CC2-F4702CF772F3
# Start End Size Type Name 1 2048 1048578047 500G Linux LVM #新建分区,此处我将磁盘剩余容量都分配给新分区
Command (m for help): n Partition number (2-128, default 2): First sector (34-78129397726, default 1048578048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (1048578048-78129397726, default 78129397726): Created partition 2
Command (m for help): p #查看分区创建成功 Disk /dev/sdb: 40002.3 GB, 40002251653120 bytes, 78129397760 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk label type: gpt Disk identifier: C15EE16D-E5C8-41A4-8CC2-F4702CF772F3
# Start End Size Type Name 1 2048 1048578047 500G Linux LVM 2 1048578048 78129397726 35.9T Linux filesyste> #设定分区类型为Linux LVM
,编号为31 Command (m for help): t Partition number (1,2, default 2): Partition type (type L to list all types): 31 Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): p #查看分区类型 Disk /dev/sdb: 40002.3 GB, 40002251653120 bytes, 78129397760 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk label type: gpt Disk identifier: C15EE16D-E5C8-41A4-8CC2-F4702CF772F3
# Start End Size Type Name 1 2048 1048578047 500G Linux LVM 2 1048578048 78129397726 35.9T Linux LVM #写入分区表,并退出 Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. #根据提示执行partprobe
,实现分区同步 [root@localhost 7:0:0:0]# partprobe
3.1.3 对新分区创建PV
pvcreate /dev/sdb2
对新分区创建PV
3.1.4 扩展该PV到VG
扩展后查看VG
3.1.5 扩展LV
这里选择扩展1TB容量到LV, 注意命令中的参数-r
可以直接resizefs
,如果不加此参数,文件系统看到的卷大小还是原来的大小,需要额外使用resize2fs
或者xfs_growfs
来调整文件系统大小。
扩展后查看LV
此时执行partprobe
同步文件系统,df
查看,可以看到该LVM卷已经扩展
3.2 通过扩展物理分区来扩展LVM卷
此方法只适用于物理分区为最后一个,如下图中分区3,分区1和分区2无法扩展容量,除非压缩其他分区大小,可能会造成文件丢失,且磁盘有足够剩余空间。
3.2.1 未扩展前PV状态以及文件系统状态
LV状态如下
文件系统状态
**磁盘状态
3.2.2 卸载目录,并扩展分区大小
扩展分区大小前,需要先卸载挂载的逻辑卷,使用parted
工具扩展分区大小。但是fdisk
工具没有直接扩展分区的功能,需要先删除分区,然后新建分区,新建分区的开始位置必须和原来一样,结束位置大于原分区位置,这个操作有风险,可能会丢失数据。
以下以fdisk
实例删除分区后重新创建分区。
# 先卸载目录 [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/ [root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion. Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command.
# 删除原分区 Command (m for help): d Selected partition 1 Partition 1 is deleted # 新建分区,开始位置必须和原来一样的。 Command (m for help): n Partition number (1-128, default 1): First sector (2048-3750748814, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-3750748814, default 3750748814): +20G Created partition 1
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1920.4 GB, 1920383410176 bytes, 3750748848 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk label type: gpt Disk identifier: 6290401B-C5C6-45C1-8286-50684ED971F8
# Start End Size Type Name 1 2048 41945087 20G Linux filesyste # 设定分区类型为LVM Command (m for help): t Selected partition 1 Partition type (type L to list all types): 31 Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1920.4 GB, 1920383410176 bytes, 3750748848 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk label type: gpt Disk identifier: 6290401B-C5C6-45C1-8286-50684ED971F8
# Start End Size Type Name 1 2048 41945087 20G Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. # 此时如下图,分区大小还没有变,需要执行partprobe
同步分区表 [root@localhost ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sdb 8:16 0 1.8T 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 0 9.3G 0 part └─Hansen_disk-lvol0 253:3 0 9.3G 0 lvm # 再次查看,分区已经扩展 [root@localhost ~]# partprobe [root@localhost ~]# lsblk /dev/sdb NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sdb 8:16 0 1.8T 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 0 20G 0 part └─Hansen_disk-lvol0 253:3 0 9.3G 0 lvm
3.2.3 扩展PV
使用pvresize
命令扩展PV
[root@localhost ~]# pvresize /dev/sdb1 Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" changed 1 physical volume(s) resized or updated / 0 physical volume(s) not resized
然后查看PV
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay /dev/sdb1 --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sdb1 VG Name Hansen_disk PV Size <20.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB Allocatable yes PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 5119 Free PE 2736 Allocated PE 2383 PV UUID hxwwoL-uHu1-nxII-B5rr-780P-4ODl-A18afG
可以看到PV已经扩展了,剩余的工作和上文类似,扩展VG,然后扩展LV卷即可,请参考上一个方法。此方法使用lvextend
扩展的时候需要注意扩展大小,应为分区表不对应,需要比Free PE少一点才能扩展成功
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +704M -r /dev/Hansen_disk/lvol0 ... Logical volume Hansen_disk/lvol0 successfully resized. meta-data=/dev/mapper/Hansen_disk-lvol0 isize=512 agcount=10, agsize=262144 blks = sectsz=4096 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=2440192, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2 = sectsz=4096 sunit=1 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 data blocks changed from 2440192 to 5061632 [root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay Hansen_disk --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/Hansen_disk/lvol0 LV Name lvol0 VG Name Hansen_disk LV UUID I3vlfg-tA3f-7B9g-Cb8B-MQ4C-vdxj-UYNsQ7 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2020-03-25 12:04:44 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size <20.00 GiB Current LE 5119 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:3
4. 总结
在分区空间不足,分区所在硬盘空间充足的情况下,可以看到以上两种方法都可以实现LVM卷扩容,而且更重要的是保持原分区卷的数据。相对来说两种方法各有利弊。
方法优点缺点方法1通过新建分区扩展LVM卷,不需要卸载愿有分区,数据更加安全磁盘需要有剩余空间新建分区方法2通过扩展原物理分区实现扩展LVM卷,不需要新建一个分区,在原有分区上操作即可需要卸载分区,有风险损坏分区数据,扩展分区需要有可扩展空间