单例模式
单例模式(Singleton Pattern)是一种常用的软件设计模式,该模式的主要目的是确保某一个类只有一个实例存在。当你希望在整个系统中,某个类只能出现一个实例时,单例对象就能派上用场。
比如数据库连接读取配置文件,如果在程序运行期间,有很多地方都需要连接数据库,很多地方都需要创建数据库对象的实例,这就导致系统中存在多个 数据库实例对象,而这样会严重浪费内存资源,事实上,我们希望在程序运行期间只存在一个实例对象。
实现单例模式的5种方式
模块方式
其实,Python 的模块就是天然的单例模式,因为模块在第一次导入时,会生成 .pyc 文件,当第二次导入时,就会直接加载 .pyc 文件,而不会再次执行模块代码。
因此,我们只需把相关的函数和数据定义在一个模块中,就可以获得一个单例对象了。如果我们真的想要一个单例类,可以考虑这样做:
mysingleton.py
class Singleton(object):
def foo(self):
pass
single = Singleton()
将上面的代码保存在文件 mysingleton.py 中,要使用时,直接在其他文件中导入此文件中的对象,这个对象即是单例模式的对象
from demo.my_singleton import single
single.foo()
使用装饰器
def Singleton(cls):
_instance = {}
def _singleton(*args, **kargs):
if cls not in _instance:
_instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs)
return _instance[cls]
return _singleton
@Singleton
class A(object):
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
a1 = A(2)
a2 = A(3)
print(id(a1), id(a2))
使用类
class Singleton(object):
__instance = None
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x
print(x)
@classmethod
def my_singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not cls.__instance:
cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs)
return cls.__instance
如果遇到多线程会出现问题
import threading
class Singleton(object):
__instance = None
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x
import time
time.sleep(1) # 加入干扰元素,造成多线程出现问题
@classmethod
def my_singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not cls.__instance:
cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs)
return cls.__instance
import threading
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.my_singleton(arg)
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
-------------------
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x00000000025D76D8>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A208>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A1D0>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A438>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A630>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A828>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A978>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234A748>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000001234AAC8>
解决方法:加锁!未加锁部分并发执行,加锁部分串行执行,速度降低,但是保证了数据安全
import threading
class Singleton(object):
__instance = None
__instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x
import time
time.sleep(1) # 加入干扰元素,造成多线程出现问题
@classmethod
def my_singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs):
with cls.__instance_lock: # 加锁
if not cls.__instance:
cls.__instance = cls(*args, **kwargs)
return cls.__instance
import threading
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.my_singleton(arg)
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
----------------------
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000259FF28>
基于__new__方法实现(推荐使用)
当我们实例化一个对象时,是先执行了类的__new__方法(我们没写时,默认调用object.__new__),实例化对象;然后再执行类的__init__方法,对这个对象进行初始化。
import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x
import time
time.sleep(1) # 加入干扰元素,造成多线程出现问题
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
with cls._instance_lock: # 加锁
cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls)
return cls._instance
import threading
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton(arg)
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
----------------
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x000000000257FF60>
基于metaclass方式实现
1.类由type创建,创建类时,type的__init__方法自动执行,类() 执行type的 __call__方法(类的__new__方法,类的__init__方法)
2.对象由类创建,创建对象时,类的__init__方法自动执行,对象()执行类的 __call__ 方法
实现单例
import threading
class SingletonType(type):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self,class_name,class_bases,class_dic):
super(SingletonType, self).__init__(class_name,class_bases,class_dic)
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
with cls._instance_lock: # 加锁
cls._instance = super(SingletonType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return cls._instance
class my_singlton(metaclass=SingletonType):
def __init__(self,x):
self.x = x
import threading
def task(arg):
obj = my_singlton(arg)
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
--------------------------
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
<__main__.my_singlton object at 0x00000000025CFF60>
单例模式使用
import threading
class SingletonDB(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self,host="127.0.0.1",
port=3306,
user="root",
password="root",
database="testdb",
charset="utf8"):
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.password = password
self.user = user
self.database = database
self.charset = charset
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(SingletonDB, "_instance"):
with SingletonDB._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(SingletonDB, "_instance"):
SingletonDB._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return SingletonDB._instance
def connect(self):
print("connect db")
db1 = SingletonDB()
db2 = SingletonDB()
print(db1,db2)
db1.connect()
db2.connect()
----------------
<__main__.SingletonDB object at 0x00000000025E76D8> <__main__.SingletonDB object at 0x00000000025E76D8>
connect db
connect db