python类的属性_Python类属性及其初始化

I'm quite new in python and during these days I'm exploring classes. I have a question concerning attributes and variables inside classes: What is the difference between defining an attribute via just q=1 in the body of the class and via defining self.q=1 inside the __init__? For example, what is the difference between the following two possibilities?

class MyClass1:

q=1

def __init__(self,p):

self.p=p

def AddSomething(self,x):

self.q = self.q+x

and

class MyClass2:

def __init__(self,p):

self.q=1

self.p=p

def AddSomething(self,x):

self.q = self.q+x

The output of for example:

>>> my=MyClass1(2)

>>> my.p

2

>>> my.q

1

>>> my.AddSomething(7)

>>> my.q

8

does not depend on whether MyClass1 or MyClass2 is used. Neither in MyClass1 nor in MyClass2 does an error occur.

解决方案

q=1 inside the class is a class attribute, associated with the class as a whole and not any particular instance of the class. It is most clearly accessed using the class itself: MyClass1.q.

A instance attribute is assigned directly to an instance of a class, usually in __init__ by assigning to self (such as with self.p = p), but you can assign attributes to an instance at any time.

Class attributes can be read either using the class binding (MyClass.q) or an instance binding (my.q, assuming it is not shadowed by an instance attribute with the same name). They can only be set, however, using a class binding. Setting a value with an instance binding always modifies an instance attribute, creating it if necessary. Consider this example:

>>> a = MyClass1()

>>> a.q

1

>>> a.q = 3 # Create an instance attribute that shadows the class attribute

3

>>> MyClass1.q

1

>>> b = MyClass1()

>>> b.q # b doesn't have an instance attribute q, so access the class's

1