Python 开发中有哪些高级技巧?这是知乎上一个问题,我总结了一些常见的技巧在这里,可能谈不上多高级,但掌握这些至少可以让你的代码看起来 Pythonic 一点。如果你还在按照类C语言的那套风格来写的话,在 code review 恐怕会要被吐槽了。
列表推导式
>>> chars = [ cforcin'python']
>>> chars
['p','y','t','h','o','n']
字典推导式
>>> dict1 = {'a': 1,'b': 2,'c': 3,'d': 4,'e': 5}
>>> double_dict1 = {k:v*2 for(k,v)indict1.items()}
>>> double_dict1
{'a': 2,'b': 4,'c': 6,'d': 8,'e': 10}
集合推导式
>>> set1 = {1,2,3,4}
>>> double_set = {i*2 foriinset1}
>>> double_set
{8, 2, 4, 6}
合并字典
>>> x = {'a':1,'b':2}
>>> y = {'c':3,'d':4}
>>> z = {**x, **y}
>>> z
{'a': 1,'b': 2,'c': 3,'d': 4}
复制列表
>>> nums = [1,2,3]
>>> nums[::]
[1, 2, 3]
>>> copy_nums = nums[::]
>>> copy_nums
[1, 2, 3]
反转列表
>>> reverse_nums = nums[::-1]
>>> reverse_nums
[3, 2, 1]
PACKING / UNPACKING
变量交换
>>> a,b = 1, 2
>>> a ,b = b,a
>>> a
2
>>> b
1
高级拆包
>>> a, *b = 1,2,3
>>> a
1
>>> b
[2, 3]
或者
>>> a, *b, c = 1,2,3,4,5
>>> a
1
>>> b
[2, 3, 4]
>>> c
5
函数返回多个值(其实是自动packing成元组)然后unpacking赋值给4个变量
>>> def f():
... return1, 2, 3, 4
...
>>> a, b, c, d = f()
>>> a
1
>>> d
4
列表合并成字符串
>>>" ".join(["I","Love","Python"])
'I Love Python'
链式比较
>>> if a > 2anda
... pass
...
>>> if 2
... pass
yield from
# 没有使用 fieldfrom
def dup(n):
foriinrange(n):
yield i
yield i
# 使用yield from
def dup(n):
foriinrange(n):
yield from[i, i]
foriindup(3):
print(i)
>>>
0
0
1
1
2
2
in 代替 or
>>> if x == 1orx == 2orx == 3:
... pass
...
>>> if x in(1,2,3):
... pass
字典代替多个if else
def fun(x):
if x == 'a':
return1
elif x == 'b':
return2
else:
returnNone
def fun(x):
return{"a": 1,"b": 2}.get(x)
有下标索引的枚举
>>>fori, einenumerate(["a","b","c"]):
... print(i, e)
...
0 a
1 b
2 c
生成器
注意区分列表推导式,生成器效率更高
>>> g = (i**2foriinrange(5))
>>> g
at0x10881e518>
>>> foriing:
... print(i)
...
0
1
4
9
16
默认字典 defaultdict
>>> d = dict()
>>> d['nums']
KeyError: 'nums'
>>>
>>> fromcollections import defaultdict
>>> d = defaultdict(list)
>>> d["nums"]
[]
字符串格式化
>>> lang ='python'
>>> f'{lang} is most popular language in the world'
'python is most popular language in the world'
列表中出现次数最多的元素
>>> nums = [1,2,3,3]
>>> max(set(nums),key=nums.count)
3
或者
fromcollections import Counter
>>> Counter(nums).most_common()[0][0]
3
读写文件
>>>withopen("test.txt","w")asf:
... f.writelines("hello")
判断对象类型,可指定多个类型
>>> isinstance(a, (int, str))
True
类似的还有字符串的 startswith,endswith
>>>"http://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))
True
>>> "https://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))
True
__str__ 与 __repr__ 区别
>>> str(datetime.now())
'2018-11-20 00:31:54.839605'
>>> repr(datetime.now())
'datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 20, 0, 32, 0, 579521)'
前者对人友好,可读性更强,后者对计算机友好,支持 obj == eval(repr(obj))
使用装饰器
def makebold(f):
returnlambda:""+ f() +""
def makeitalic(f):
returnlambda:""+ f() +""
@makebold
@makeitalic
def say():
return"Hello"
>>> say()
Hello
不使用装饰器,可读性非常差
def say():
return"Hello"
>>> makebold(makeitalic(say))()
Hello
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