python编程常用技巧你知道几个_收藏，Python开发中有哪些高级技巧？-CSDN博客

Python 开发中有哪些高级技巧?这是知乎上一个问题，我总结了一些常见的技巧在这里，可能谈不上多高级，但掌握这些至少可以让你的代码看起来 Pythonic 一点。如果你还在按照类C语言的那套风格来写的话，在 code review 恐怕会要被吐槽了。

列表推导式

>>> chars = [ cforcin'python']

>>> chars

['p','y','t','h','o','n']

字典推导式

>>> dict1 = {'a': 1,'b': 2,'c': 3,'d': 4,'e': 5}

>>> double_dict1 = {k:v*2 for(k,v)indict1.items()}

>>> double_dict1

{'a': 2,'b': 4,'c': 6,'d': 8,'e': 10}

集合推导式

>>> set1 = {1,2,3,4}

>>> double_set = {i*2 foriinset1}

>>> double_set

{8, 2, 4, 6}

合并字典

>>> x = {'a':1,'b':2}

>>> y = {'c':3,'d':4}

>>> z = {**x, **y}

>>> z

{'a': 1,'b': 2,'c': 3,'d': 4}

复制列表

>>> nums = [1,2,3]

>>> nums[::]

[1, 2, 3]

>>> copy_nums = nums[::]

>>> copy_nums

[1, 2, 3]

反转列表

>>> reverse_nums = nums[::-1]

>>> reverse_nums

[3, 2, 1]

PACKING / UNPACKING

变量交换

>>> a,b = 1, 2

>>> a ,b = b,a

>>> a

>>> b

高级拆包

>>> a, *b = 1,2,3

>>> a

>>> b

[2, 3]

或者

>>> a, *b, c = 1,2,3,4,5

>>> a

>>> b

[2, 3, 4]

>>> c

函数返回多个值(其实是自动packing成元组)然后unpacking赋值给4个变量

>>> def f():

... return1, 2, 3, 4

...

>>> a, b, c, d = f()

>>> a

>>> d

列表合并成字符串

>>>" ".join(["I","Love","Python"])

'I Love Python'

链式比较

>>> if a > 2anda

... pass

...

>>> if 2

... pass

yield from

# 没有使用 fieldfrom

def dup(n):

foriinrange(n):

yield i

# 使用yield from

def dup(n):

foriinrange(n):

yield from[i, i]

foriindup(3):

print(i)

>>>

in 代替 or

>>> if x == 1orx == 2orx == 3:

... pass

...

>>> if x in(1,2,3):

... pass

字典代替多个if else

def fun(x):

if x == 'a':

return1

elif x == 'b':

return2

else:

returnNone

def fun(x):

return{"a": 1,"b": 2}.get(x)

有下标索引的枚举

>>>fori, einenumerate(["a","b","c"]):

... print(i, e)

...

0 a

1 b

2 c

生成器

注意区分列表推导式，生成器效率更高

>>> g = (i**2foriinrange(5))

>>> g

at0x10881e518>

>>> foriing:

... print(i)

...

默认字典 defaultdict

>>> d = dict()

>>> d['nums']

KeyError: 'nums'

>>>

>>> fromcollections import defaultdict

>>> d = defaultdict(list)

>>> d["nums"]

[]

字符串格式化

>>> lang ='python'

>>> f'{lang} is most popular language in the world'

'python is most popular language in the world'

列表中出现次数最多的元素

>>> nums = [1,2,3,3]

>>> max(set(nums),key=nums.count)

或者

fromcollections import Counter

>>> Counter(nums).most_common()[0][0]

读写文件

>>>withopen("test.txt","w")asf:

... f.writelines("hello")

判断对象类型，可指定多个类型

>>> isinstance(a, (int, str))

True

类似的还有字符串的 startswith，endswith

>>>"http://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))

True

>>> "https://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))

True

__str__ 与 __repr__ 区别

>>> str(datetime.now())

'2018-11-20 00:31:54.839605'

>>> repr(datetime.now())

'datetime.datetime(2018, 11, 20, 0, 32, 0, 579521)'

前者对人友好，可读性更强，后者对计算机友好，支持 obj == eval(repr(obj))

使用装饰器

def makebold(f):

returnlambda:""+ f() +""

def makeitalic(f):

returnlambda:""+ f() +""

@makebold

@makeitalic

def say():

return"Hello"

>>> say()

Hello

不使用装饰器，可读性非常差

def say():

return"Hello"

>>> makebold(makeitalic(say))()

Hello

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