python快速学习21天_20200527----python学习第21天

今日内容

嵌套

特殊方法：__init__

type/isinstance/issubclass/super

异常处理

内容回顾

#函数执行

def login():

pass

login()#执行函数

#类创建对象，调用方法

class Account:

def login(self):

pass

obj = Account()

obj.login()

#1.谈谈你了解的面向对象？

#2.类和对象是什么关系？对象是类创建的一个示例。

class Foo:

def __init__(self,name):

self.name = name

def run(self):

pass

obj1 = Foo('alex')

obj2 = Foo('eric')

#3.self是什么？

#self就是一个形式参数，对象调用方法时，python内部会将对象传给这给参数。

class Foo:

def run(self,num):

pass

obj = Foo()

obj.run(5)

#4.类成员&对象成员以及他们的关系

class Foo:

name = 'alex'

def run(self):

pass

obj = Foo()

#5.类/方法/对象 都可以当作变量或嵌套到其他类型中。

class Foo:

def run(self):

pass

v = [Foo,Foo,Foo] #列表中存放的是三个类

v2 = [Foo(),Foo(),Foo()] #列表中存放的是三个对象

obj = Foo()

v3 = [obj.run,obj.run,obj.run] #列表中存放的是三个方法

#示例一

class School(object):

def __init__(self,title):

self.title = title

class Course(object):

def __init__(self,name,school_object):

self.name = name

self.school = school_object

class Classes(object):

def __init__(self,cname,course_object):

self.cname = cname

self.course = course_object

s1 = School('北京')

c1 = Course('python',s1)

c2 = Course('go',s1)

cl1 = Classes('全栈1期',c1)

#示例二

class School(object):

def __init__(self, title):

self.title = title

def rename(self):

pass

class Course(object):

def __init__(self, name, school_object):

self.name = name

self.school = school_object

def reset_price(self):

pass

class Classes(object):

def __init__(self, cname, course_object):

self.cname = cname

self.course = course_object

def sk(self):

pass

详细内容

1.嵌套

函数：参数可以是任意类型。

字典：对象和类都可以做字典的key和value.

继承的查找关系

#示例一

val = 5 + 8

print(val)

#示例二

val2 = 'alex' +'sb'

print(val2)

#示例三

class Foo(object):

def __add__(self,other):

return 123

obj1 = Foo() #输出结果为13

obj2 = Foo() #输出结果为alexsb

val3 = obj1 + obj2

print(val3) #输出结果为123

#特殊成员：就是为了能够快速实现执行某些方法而生。

#示例一

class StartConfig(object):

pass

class AdminSite(object):

def __init__(self):

self.data_list = []

def register(self,arg):

self.data_list.append(arg)

site = AdminSite()

obj = StartConfig()

site.register(obj) #StartConfig()对象作为变量存方到data_list列表中

print(site.data_list) #输出内容为：[<__main__.startconfig object at>]

#示例二

class StartConfig(object):

def __init__(self,name,age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

class AdminSite(object):

def __init__(self):

self.data_list= []

self.sk = None

def set_sk(self,arg):

self.sk = arg

site = AdminSite() #data_list = [] sk= StartConfig

site.set_sk(StartConfig)

site.sk('alex',19)

#示例三

class StactkConfig(object):

pass

class Foo(object):

pass

class Base(object):

pass

class AdminSite(object):

def __init__(self):

self._register= {}

def registry(self,key,arg):

self._register[key] = arg

site = AdminSite()

site.registry(1,StactkConfig)

site.registry(2,StactkConfig)

site.registry(3,StactkConfig)

site.registry(4,Foo)

site.registry(5,Base)

for k,v in site._register.items():

print(k,v())

#输出结果为：

# 1 <__main__.stactkconfig object at>

# 2 <__main__.stactkconfig object at>

# 3 <__main__.stactkconfig object at>

# 4 <__main__.foo object at>

# 5 <__main__.base object at>

#示例四

class StackConfig(object):

pass

class UserConfig(StackConfig):

pass

class AdminSite(object):

def __init__(self):

self._register = {}

def registry(self,key,arg = StackConfig):

self._register[key] = arg

def run(self):

for key,value in self._register.items():

obj = value()

print(key,obj)

site = AdminSite()

site.registry(1)

site.registry(2,StackConfig)

site.registry(3,UserConfig)

site.run()

#输出结果为：

# 1 <__main__.stackconfig object at>

# 2 <__main__.stackconfig object at>

# 3 <__main__.userconfig object at>

#示例五

class StackConfig(object):

list_display = '李绍其'

class UserConfig(StackConfig):

list_display = '利奇航'

class AdminSite(object):

def __init__(self):

self._register= {}

def registry(self,key,arg = StackConfig):

self._register[key] = arg

def run(self):

for key,value in self._register.items():

obj = value()

print(key,obj.list_display)

site = AdminSite()

site.registry(1)

site.registry(2,StackConfig)

site.registry(3,UserConfig)

site.run()

#输出结果为:

# 1 李绍其

# 2 李绍其

# 3 利奇航

#示例六

class StackConfig(object):

list_display = '李绍其'

def changelist_view(self):

print(self.list_display)

class UserConfig(StackConfig):

list_display = '利奇航'

class AdminSite(object):

def __init__(self):

self._register = {}

def registry(self,key,arg= StackConfig):

self._register[key] = arg

def run(self):

for key,value in self._register.items():

obj = value()

obj.changelist_view()

site = AdminSite()

site.registry(1)

site.registry(2,StackConfig)

site.registry(3,UserConfig)

site.run()

#输出结果为：

# 李绍其

# 李绍其

# 利奇航

2.特殊成员

2.1__init__

def Foo:

"""

类是干什么的

:return:

"""

def __init__(self,a1):

"""

初始化

:param self:

:param a1:

:return:

"""

self.a1 = a1

obj = Foo()

2.2__new__

class Foo(object):

def __init__(self):

"""

用户给对象赋值，初始化方法

"""

self.x = 123

def __new__(cls,*args,**kwargs):

"""

用于创建空对象，构建方法

:param args:

:param kwargs:

:return:

"""

return object.__new__(cls)

obj = Foo()

2.3__call__

class Foo(object):

def __call__(self,*args,**kwargs):

print('执行call方法')

obj = Foo()

obj() #对象之间调用，是执行call方法

Foo()() #对象之间调用，是执行call方法

#示例二

from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server

def func(environ,start_response):

start_response("200 OK",[('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')])

return ['你好'.encode('utf-8')]

class Foo(object):

def __call__(self,environ,start_response):

start_response("200 OK",[('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')])

return ['你

好

'.encode('utf-8')]

#作用：写一个网站，用户只要来方法，就自动找到第三个参数并执行。

server = make_server('127.0.0.1',8000,Foo())

server.serve_forever()

2.4__getitem__ __setitem__ __delitem__

class Foo(obect):

def __setitem__(self,key,value):

pass

def __getitem__(self,item):

pass

def __delitem__(self,key):

pass

obj1 = Foo()

obj1['k1'] = 123 #内部会自动调用 __setitem__方法

val = obj1['xxx'] #内部会自动调用__getitem__方法

print(val)

del obj1['xxx'] #内部会自动调用__delitem__方法

2.5__str__

class Foo(object):

def __str__(self):

''''

只有在打印对象时，会自动化调用此方法，并将其返回值在页面显示出来

'''

return 'asdfexdfe'

obj = Foo()

print(obj)

#示例二

class User(object):

def __init__(self,name,email):

self.name = name

self.email = email

def __str__(self):

return "%s %s"%(self.name,self.email)

user_list = [User('二狗','2g@qq.com'),User('二蛋','3g@qq.com'),User('狗蛋','9g@qq.com')]

for item in user_list:

print(item)

2.6__dict__

class Foo(object):

def __init__(self,name,age,email):

self.name = name

self.age = age

self.email = email

obj = Foo('alex',19,'xxx@qq.com')

print(obj)

print(obj.name)

print(obj.age)

print(obj.email)

val = obj.__dict__ #去对象中找到所有变量并将其转换为字典

print(val) #val输出结果为：{'name': 'alex', 'age': 19, 'email': 'xxx@qq.com'}

2.7上下文管理【面试题】

class Foo(object):

def __init__(self,name,age,email):

self.name = name

self.age = age

self.email = email

obj = Foo('alex',19,'xxx@qq.com')

print(obj)

print(obj.name)

print(obj.age)

print(obj.email)

val = obj.__dict__ #去对象中找到所有变量并将其转换为字典

print(val) #val输出结果为：{'name': 'alex', 'age': 19, 'email': 'xxx@qq.com'}

class Foo(object):

def __enter__(self):

self.x = open('a.txt',mode = 'a',encoding = 'utf-8')

return self.x

def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):

self.x.close()

with Foo() as ff:

ff.write('alex')

ff.write('alex')

ff.write('alex')

ff.write('alex')

class Context:

def __enter__(self):

print('进入')

return self

def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):

print('退出')

def do_something(self):

print('内部执行1')

with Context() as ctx:

print('内部执行2')

ctx.do_something()

#输出结果为：

# 进入

# 内部执行2

# 内部执行1

# 退出

class Foo(object):

def do_something(self):

print('内部执行1')

class Context():

def __enter__(self):

print('进入')

return Foo()

def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):

print('退出')

with Context() as ctx:

print('内部执行2')

ctx.do_something()

#输出结果为：

# 进入

# 内部执行2

# 内部执行1

# 退出

2.8两个对象相加

#示例一

val = 5 + 8

print(val)

#示例二

val2 = 'alex' +'sb'

print(val2)

#示例三

class Foo(object):

def __add__(self,other):

return 123

obj1 = Foo() #输出结果为13

obj2 = Foo() #输出结果为alexsb

val3 = obj1 + obj2

print(val3) #输出结果为123

#特殊成员：就是为了能够快速实现执行某些方法而生。

3.内置函数补充

3.1type.查看类型

class Foo(object):

pass

obj = Foo()

if type(obj)==Foo:

print('obj是Foo类的对象')

3.2issubclass

class Base(object):

pass

class Base1(Base):

pass

class Foo(Base1):

pass

class Bar(object):

pass

print(issubclass(Bar,Base)) #False

print(issubclass(Foo,Base1)) #True

print(issubclass(Foo,Base)) #True

3.3isinstance

class Base(object):

pass

class Foo(Base):

pass

obj = Foo()

print(isinstance(obj,Foo)) #True 判断obj是否是Foo类或其基类的示例(对象)

print(isinstance(obj,Base)) #True 判断obj是否是Foo类或其基类的示例(对象)

4.super

#示例一

class MyException(Exception):

pass

try:

raise MyException('abcd')

except MyException as e:

print(e)

#示例二

class MyException(Exception):

def __init__(self,message):

super().__init__()

self.message = message

try:

raise MyException(Exception)

except MyException as e:

print(e.message)

#示例一

class Base(object):

def func(self):

print('base.func')

class Foo(Base):

def func(self):

v1 = super().func()

print('Foo.func',v1)

obj = Foo()

obj.func()

#输出结果为：base.func Foo.func None

#super().func() 去父类中找func方法并执行。

#示例二

# class Bar(object):

# def func(self):

# print('bar.func')

# return 123

# class Base(Bar):

# pass

# class Foo(Base):

# def func(self):

# v1 = super().func()

# print('Foo.func',v1)

# obj = Foo()

# obj.func()

# #输出结果为：bar.func Foo.func 123

# #super().func()根据类的继承关系，按照顺序挨个找func方法并执行(找到第一个就不再找了)

#示例三

class Base(object):

def func(self):

super().func()

print('base.func')

class Bar(object):

def func(self):

print('bar.func')

class Foo(Base,Bar):

pass

obj = Foo()

obj.func()

#输出结果为：bar.func base.func

#super().func() 根据self对象所属类的继承关系，按照顺序挨个找func方法并执行(找到第一个就不再找了)

5.异常处理

5.1基本格式

try:

pass

except Exception as e:

pass

运行正常的，是不存在异常的，except不能输出e

try:

int(1)

except Exception as e:

print(e)

try:

v = []

v[1111] #IndexError

except ValueError as e:

print(e)

except IndexError as e:

print(e)

except Exception as e:

print(e) #e是Exception类的对象，中有一个错误信息

try:

int('abc')

except Exception as e:

print(e) #e是Exception类的对象，中有一个错误信息。

finally:

print('最后无论对错都会执行')

#输出结果为：

# invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc'

# 最后无论对错都会执行

################################特殊情况

def func():

try:

v= 1

return 123

except Exception as e:

print(e)

return 455

finally:

print('最后无论对错都会执行')

func()

#输出结果为：

# 最后无论对错都会执行

5.2主动触发异常

try:

int(123)

raise Exception('代码有问题，请检查') #代码中主动抛出异常

except Exception as e:

print(e)

def func():

result = True

try:

with open(file= "x.log",morde = 'r',encoding = "utf-8") as f:

data = f.read()

if 'alex' not in data:

raise Exception('不包含alex关键字')

except Exception as e:

result = False

return result

5.3自定义异常

#示例一

class MyException(Exception):

pass

try:

raise MyException('abcd')

except MyException as e:

print(e)

#示例二

class MyException(Exception):

def __init__(self,message):

super().__init__()

self.message = message

try:

raise MyException(Exception)

except MyException as e:

print(e.message)

总结

特殊成员**

嵌套

type/issubclass/isinstance

super

异常