python投票计数器_python 之 计数器（counter）

########################################################################### Counter########################################################################

classCounter(dict):'''Dict subclass for counting hashable items. Sometimes called a bag

or multiset. Elements are stored as dictionary keys and their counts

are stored as dictionary values.

>>> c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba') # count elements from a string

>>> c.most_common(3) # three most common elements

[('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]

>>> sorted(c) # list all unique elements

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> ''.join(sorted(c.elements())) # list elements with repetitions

'aaaaabbbbcccdde'

>>> sum(c.values()) # total of all counts

>>> c['a'] # count of letter 'a'

>>> for elem in 'shazam': # update counts from an iterable

... c[elem] += 1 # by adding 1 to each element's count

>>> c['a'] # now there are seven 'a'

>>> del c['b'] # remove all 'b'

>>> c['b'] # now there are zero 'b'

>>> d = Counter('simsalabim') # make another counter

>>> c.update(d) # add in the second counter

>>> c['a'] # now there are nine 'a'

>>> c.clear() # empty the counter

>>> c

Counter()

Note: If a count is set to zero or reduced to zero, it will remain

in the counter until the entry is deleted or the counter is cleared:

>>> c = Counter('aaabbc')

>>> c['b'] -= 2 # reduce the count of 'b' by two

>>> c.most_common() # 'b' is still in, but its count is zero

[('a', 3), ('c', 1), ('b', 0)]'''

#References:

#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

#http://www.gnu.org/software/smalltalk/manual-base/html_node/Bag.html

#http://www.demo2s.com/Tutorial/Cpp/0380__set-multiset/Catalog0380__set-multiset.htm

#http://code.activestate.com/recipes/259174/

#Knuth, TAOCP Vol. II section 4.6.3

def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwds):'''Create a new, empty Counter object. And if given, count elements

from an input iterable. Or, initialize the count from another mapping

of elements to their counts.

>>> c = Counter() # a new, empty counter

>>> c = Counter('gallahad') # a new counter from an iterable

>>> c = Counter({'a': 4, 'b': 2}) # a new counter from a mapping

>>> c = Counter(a=4, b=2) # a new counter from keyword args'''super(Counter, self).__init__()

self.update(iterable,**kwds)def __missing__(self, key):"""对于不存在的元素，返回计数器为0"""

'The count of elements not in the Counter is zero.'

#Needed so that self[missing_item] does not raise KeyError

return0def most_common(self, n=None):"""数量大于等n的所有元素和计数器"""

'''List the n most common elements and their counts from the most

common to the least. If n is None, then list all element counts.

>>> Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba').most_common(3)

[('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]'''

#Emulate Bag.sortedByCount from Smalltalk

if n isNone:return sorted(self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1), reverse=True)return _heapq.nlargest(n, self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1))defelements(self):"""计数器中的所有元素，注：此处非所有元素集合，而是包含所有元素集合的迭代器"""

'''Iterator over elements repeating each as many times as its count.

>>> c = Counter('ABCABC')

>>> sorted(c.elements())

['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C']

# Knuth's example for prime factors of 1836: 2**2 * 3**3 * 17**1

>>> prime_factors = Counter({2: 2, 3: 3, 17: 1})

>>> product = 1

>>> for factor in prime_factors.elements(): # loop over factors

... product *= factor # and multiply them

>>> product

Note, if an element's count has been set to zero or is a negative

number, elements() will ignore it.'''

#Emulate Bag.do from Smalltalk and Multiset.begin from C++.

return_chain.from_iterable(_starmap(_repeat, self.iteritems()))#Override dict methods where necessary

@classmethoddef fromkeys(cls, iterable, v=None):#There is no equivalent method for counters because setting v=1

#means that no element can have a count greater than one.

raiseNotImplementedError('Counter.fromkeys() is undefined. Use Counter(iterable) instead.')def update(self, iterable=None, **kwds):"""更新计数器，其实就是增加；如果原来没有，则新建，如果有则加一"""

'''Like dict.update() but add counts instead of replacing them.

Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.

>>> c = Counter('which')

>>> c.update('witch') # add elements from another iterable

>>> d = Counter('watch')

>>> c.update(d) # add elements from another counter

>>> c['h'] # four 'h' in which, witch, and watch'''

#The regular dict.update() operation makes no sense here because the

#replace behavior results in the some of original untouched counts

#being mixed-in with all of the other counts for a mismash that

#doesn't have a straight-forward interpretation in most counting

#contexts. Instead, we implement straight-addition. Both the inputs

#and outputs are allowed to contain zero and negative counts.

if iterable is notNone:ifisinstance(iterable, Mapping):ifself:

self_get=self.getfor elem, count initerable.iteritems():

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) +countelse:

super(Counter, self).update(iterable)#fast path when counter is empty

else:

self_get=self.getfor elem initerable:

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) + 1

ifkwds:

self.update(kwds)def subtract(self, iterable=None, **kwds):"""相减，原来的计数器中的每一个元素的数量减去后添加的元素的数量"""

'''Like dict.update() but subtracts counts instead of replacing them.

Counts can be reduced below zero. Both the inputs and outputs are

allowed to contain zero and negative counts.

Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.

>>> c = Counter('which')

>>> c.subtract('witch') # subtract elements from another iterable

>>> c.subtract(Counter('watch')) # subtract elements from another counter

>>> c['h'] # 2 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch

>>> c['w'] # 1 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch

-1'''

if iterable is notNone:

self_get=self.getifisinstance(iterable, Mapping):for elem, count initerable.items():

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) -countelse:for elem initerable:

self[elem]= self_get(elem, 0) - 1

ifkwds:

self.subtract(kwds)defcopy(self):"""拷贝"""

'Return a shallow copy.'

return self.__class__(self)def __reduce__(self):"""返回一个元组（类型，元组）"""

return self.__class__, (dict(self),)def __delitem__(self, elem):"""删除元素"""

'Like dict.__delitem__() but does not raise KeyError for missing values.'

if elem inself:

super(Counter, self).__delitem__(elem)def __repr__(self):if notself:return '%s()' % self.__class__.__name__items= ','.join(map('%r: %r'.__mod__, self.most_common()))return '%s({%s})' % (self.__class__.__name__, items)#Multiset-style mathematical operations discussed in:

#Knuth TAOCP Volume II section 4.6.3 exercise 19

#and at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

# #Outputs guaranteed to only include positive counts.

# #To strip negative and zero counts, add-in an empty counter:

#c += Counter()

def __add__(self, other):'''Add counts from two counters.

>>> Counter('abbb') + Counter('bcc')

Counter({'b': 4, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

newcount= count +other[elem]if newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountfor elem, count inother.items():if elem not in self and count >0:

result[elem]=countreturnresultdef __sub__(self, other):'''Subtract count, but keep only results with positive counts.

>>> Counter('abbbc') - Counter('bccd')

Counter({'b': 2, 'a': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

newcount= count -other[elem]if newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountfor elem, count inother.items():if elem not in self and count <0:

result[elem]= 0 -countreturnresultdef __or__(self, other):'''Union is the maximum of value in either of the input counters.

>>> Counter('abbb') | Counter('bcc')

Counter({'b': 3, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

other_count=other[elem]

newcount= other_count if count < other_count elsecountif newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountfor elem, count inother.items():if elem not in self and count >0:

result[elem]=countreturnresultdef __and__(self, other):'''Intersection is the minimum of corresponding counts.

>>> Counter('abbb') & Counter('bcc')

Counter({'b': 1})'''

if notisinstance(other, Counter):returnNotImplemented

result=Counter()for elem, count inself.items():

other_count=other[elem]

newcount= count if count < other_count elseother_countif newcount >0:

result[elem]=newcountreturnresult

Counter