python3速查表_python3 mysql-单表查询

1、单表查询的语法

SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名 WHERE 条件 GROUP BY field HAVING 筛选 ORDER BY field LIMIT 限制条数。

2、关键字的执行优先级(重点)

from >where >group by >having >select >distinct >order by >limit

1.找到表:from

2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

5.执行select

6.去重

7.将结果按条件排序:order by

8.限制结果的显示条数

创建公司员工表,表的字段和数据类型

company.employee

员工id idint姓名 name varchar

性别 sexenum年龄 ageint入职日期 hire_date date

岗位 post varchar

职位描述 post_comment     varchar

薪水 salarydouble办公室 officeint部门编号 depart_idint

View Code

create table employee(

idintprimary key auto_increment,

name varchar(20) not null,

sexenum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的

ageint(3) unsigned not null default 28,

hire_date date notnull,

post varchar(50),

post_comment varchar(100),

salarydouble(15,2),

officeint,#一个部门一个屋

depart_idint);

# 查看表结构

mysql>desc employee;+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |

| emp_name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |

| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |

| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |

| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |

| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |

| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |

| salart | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |

| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |

| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |

+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

10 rows in set (0.08sec)

#插入记录

#三个部门:教学,销售,运营

insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values

('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部

('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),

('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),

('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),

('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),

('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),

('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),

('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门

('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),

('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),

('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),

('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门

('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),

('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),

('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),

('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)

;

View Code

3、where约束

where子句中可以使用

1.比较运算符:>、=、<=、<>、!=;

2.between 80 and 100 :值在80到100之间;

3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30;

4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符,_表示一个字符;

5.逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not。

(1)单条件查询

查询id大于5的员工名和员工id。

mysql> select id,emp_name from employee where id > 5;+----+------------+

| id | emp_name |

+----+------------+

| 6 | jingliyang |

| 7 | jinxin |

| 8 | xiaomage |

| 9 | 歪歪 |

| 10 | 丫丫 |

| 11 | 丁丁 |

| 12 | 星星 |

| 13 | 格格 |

| 14 | 张野 |

| 15 | 程咬金 |

| 16 | 程咬银 |

| 17 | 程咬铜 |

| 18 | 程咬铁 |

View Code

(2)多条件查询

查询部门是老师且工资大于10000的员工名。

mysql> select emp_name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000;+----------+

| emp_name |

+----------+

| alex |

| jinxin |

+----------+

(3)关键字between and

查找工资在10000到20000之间的员工姓名和工资

查找工资不在10000到20000之间的员工姓名和工资

SELECT name,salary FROM employee

WHERE salary BETWEEN10000 AND 20000;

SELECT name,salary FROM employee

WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN10000 AND 20000;

(4)关键字in集合查询

查询工资是3000、3500、4000、9000的员工姓名和工资。

mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;+------------+---------+

| name | salary |

+------------+---------+

| yuanhao | 3500.00 |

| jingliyang | 9000.00 |

+------------+---------+

查询工资不是3000、3500、4000、9000的员工姓名和工资。

mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;+-----------+------------+

| name | salary |

+-----------+------------+

| egon | 7300.33 |

| alex | 1000000.31 |

| wupeiqi | 8300.00 |

| liwenzhou | 2100.00 |

| jinxin | 30000.00 |

| xiaomage | 10000.00 |

| 歪歪 | 3000.13 |

| 丫丫 | 2000.35 |

| 丁丁 | 1000.37 |

| 星星 | 3000.29 |

| 格格 | 4000.33 |

| 张野 | 10000.13 |

| 程咬金 | 20000.00 |

| 程咬银 | 19000.00 |

| 程咬铜 | 18000.00 |

| 程咬铁 | 17000.00 |

+-----------+------------+

16 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(5)关键字like模糊查询

查找名字以**开头的员工所有信息。

通配符’%’

mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'jin%';+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 |

+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

通配符'_'mysql> SELECT age FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'ale_';+-----+

| age |

+-----+

| 78 |

+-----+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

练习:

1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪

答案:

select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30;select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;select * from employee where post_comment is not null;select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

2、group by分组查询

分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等,

可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数。

假如要分组查询工资的员工名字,直接select name,salary from employee group by salary;只能查询出每中工资第一个员工的信息,没有任何意义。

这个时候需要group_concat().

mysql> select sex,group_concat(name) fromemployee group by sex;+--------+-----------------------+

| sex | group_concat(name) |

+--------+-----------------------+

| male | egon,wupeiqi,nvshen |

| female | alex,yuanhao,xiaomage |

+--------+-----------------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3、聚合函数

max()求最大值

min()求最小值

avg()求平均值

sum() 求和

count() 求总个数

强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组

# 每个部门有多少个员工select post,count(id) fromemployee group by post;

# 每个部门的最高薪水select post,max(salary) fromemployee group by post;

# 每个部门的最低薪水select post,min(salary) fromemployee group by post;

# 每个部门的平均薪水select post,avg(salary) fromemployee group by post;

# 每个部门的所有薪水select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;

小练习:

1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资

View Code

4、having过滤

HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于,

执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having ,

Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。

Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数。

练习题:

1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资

View Code

# 题1:

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) fromemployee group by post;+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

| post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |

+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

| operation | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野 | 5 |

| sale | 格格,星星,丁丁,丫丫,歪歪 | 5 |

| teacher | xiaomage,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex | 7 |

| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |

+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+

4 rows in set (0.00sec)

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

| post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |

+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |

+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

1 row in set (0.00sec)

#题2:

mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;+-----------+---------------+

| post | avg(salary) |

+-----------+---------------+

| operation | 16800.026000 |

| teacher | 151842.901429 |

+-----------+---------------+

2 rows in set (0.00sec)

#题3:

mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;+-----------+--------------+

| post | avg(salary) |

+-----------+--------------+

| operation | 16800.026000 |

+-----------+--------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

View Code

5、order by查询顺序

按单列排序

SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY age;

SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC;#正序

SELECT* FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC;#逆序

按多列排序:先按照age升序排序,如果年纪相同,则按照id降序

SELECT* fromemployee

ORDER BY age ASC,

id DESC;

小练习:

1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列

View Code

答案;

# 题目1select * fromemployee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;

# 题目2

mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000order by avg(salary) asc;+-----------+---------------+

| post | avg(salary) |

+-----------+---------------+

| operation | 16800.026000 |

| teacher | 151842.901429 |

+-----------+---------------+

2 rows in set (0.00sec)

# 题目3

mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000order by avg(salary) desc;+-----------+---------------+

| post | avg(salary) |

+-----------+---------------+

| teacher | 151842.901429 |

| operation | 16800.026000 |

+-----------+---------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

View Code

6、limit限制查询的记录数

示例:

SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC

LIMIT3; #默认初始位置为0

SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC

LIMIT0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC

LIMIT5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

小练习:分页显示,每页5条

# 第1页数据

mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5;+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 |

| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |

| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 |

+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+

5 rows in set (0.00sec)

# 第2页数据

mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5;+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 8 | xiaomage | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 |

| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |

| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 |

+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

5 rows in set (0.00sec)

# 第3页数据

mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |

+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 |

| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 |

| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 |

| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |

| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 |

+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

View Code

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