pythonsocket自动化教程_Python自动化 【第八篇】：Python基础-Socket编程进阶

本节内容：

Socket语法及相关

SocketServer实现多并发

1.　　Socket语法及相关

sk = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM,0)

参数一：地址簇

socket.AF_INET IPv4(默认)

socket.AF_INET6 IPv6

socket.AF_UNIX 只能够用于单一的Unix系统进程间通信

参数二：类型

socket.SOCK_STREAM　　流式socket , for TCP (默认)

socket.SOCK_DGRAM　　 数据报式socket

, for UDP

socket.SOCK_RAW 原始套接字，普通的套接字无法处理ICMP、IGMP等网络报文，而SOCK_RAW可以；其次，SOCK_RAW也可以处理特殊的IPv4报文；此外，利用原始套接字，可以通过IP_HDRINCL套接字选项由用户构造IP头。

socket.SOCK_RDM 是一种可靠的UDP形式，即保证交付数据报但不保证顺序。SOCK_RAM用来提供对原始协议的低级访问，在需要执行某些特殊操作时使用，如发送ICMP报文。SOCK_RAM通常仅限于高级用户或管理员运行的程序使用。

socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET 可靠的连续数据包服务

参数三：协议

0　　(默认)与特定的地址家族相关的协议,如果是 0 ，则系统就会根据地址格式和套接类别,自动选择一个合适的协议

sk.bind(address)将套接字绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下，以元组(host,port)的形式表示地址。

sk.listen(backlog)开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前，可以挂起的最大连接数量。backlog等于5，表示内核已经接到了连接请求，但服务器还没有调用accept进行处理的连接个数最大为5。这个值不能无限大，因为要在内核中维护连接队列。

sk.setblocking(bool)是否阻塞(默认True)，如果设置False，那么accept和recv时一旦无数据，则报错。

sk.accept()接受连接并返回(conn,address),其中conn是新的套接字对象，可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。接收TCP 客户的连接(阻塞式)等待连接的到来。

sk.connect(address)连接到address处的套接字。一般，address的格式为元组(hostname,port),如果连接出错，返回socket.error错误。

sk.connect_ex(address)同上，只不过会有返回值，连接成功时返回 0 ，连接失败时候返回编码，例如：10061

sk.close()关闭套接字

sk.recv(bufsize[,flag])接受套接字的数据。数据以字符串形式返回，bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息，通常可以忽略。

sk.recvfrom(bufsize[.flag])与recv()类似，但返回值是(data,address)。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串，address是发送数据的套接字地址。

sk.send(string[,flag])将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量，该数量可能小于string的字节大小。即：可能未将指定内容全部发送。

sk.sendall(string[,flag])将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字，但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None，失败则抛出异常。内部通过递归调用send，将所有内容发送出去。

sk.sendto(string[,flag],address)将数据发送到套接字，address是形式为(ipaddr，port)的元组，指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。该函数主要用于UDP协议。

sk.settimeout(timeout)设置套接字操作的超时期，timeout是一个浮点数，单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般，超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置，因为它们可能用于连接的操作(如 client 连接最多等待5s )

sk.getpeername()返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组(ipaddr,port)。

sk.getsockname()返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)

sk.fileno()套接字的文件描述符

2.　　SocketServer实现多并发

SocketServer内部使用 IO多路复用 以及 “多线程” 和 “多进程” ，从而实现并发处理多个客户端请求的Socket服务端。

+------------+

| BaseServer |

+------------+

|

v

+-----------+        +------------------+

| TCPServer |------->| UnixStreamServer |

+-----------+        +------------------+

|

v

+-----------+        +--------------------+

| UDPServer |------->| UnixDatagramServer |

SocketServer简化了网络服务器的编写。它有4个类：TCPServer，UDPServer，UnixStreamServer，UnixDatagramServer。

这4个类是同步进行处理的，另外通过ForkingMixIn和ThreadingMixIn类来支持异步。

创建socketserver的步骤：

自己创建一个请求处理类，并且这个类要继承BaseRequestHandler,并且重写父类里的handle方法

必须实例化TCPserver，并且传递server ip和 你上面创建的请求处理类给这个TCPserver

server.handle_request() #只处理一个请求 (不建议用);　　server.serve_forever() #处理多个请求 ，永远执行。

ThreadingTCPServer

ThreadingTCPServer实现的Soket服务器内部会为每个client创建一个 “线程”，该线程用来和客户端进行交互。

1)ThreadingTCPServer基础

使用ThreadingTCPServer:

importSocketServerclassMyTCPserver(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler):defhandle(self):pass

if __name__ == '__main__':

server= SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer(('127.0.0.1',5566), MyTCPserver)

server.serve_forever()

Threading TCP server

2)ThreadingTCPServer源码剖析

ThreadingTCPServer的类图关系如下：

内部调用流程为：

启动服务端程序

执行 TCPServer.__init__ 方法，创建服务端Socket对象并绑定 IP 和 端口

执行 BaseServer.__init__ 方法，将自定义的继承自SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler 的类 MyRequestHandle赋值给self.RequestHandlerClass

执行 BaseServer.server_forever 方法，While 循环一直监听是否有客户端请求到达 ...

当客户端连接到达服务器

执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request 方法，创建一个 “线程” 用来处理请求

执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request_thread 方法

执行 BaseServer.finish_request 方法，执行 self.RequestHandlerClass()  即：执行 自定义 MyRequestHandler 的构造方法(自动调用基类BaseRequestHandler的构造方法，在该构造方法中又会调用 MyRequestHandler的handle方法)

ThreadingTCPServer相关源码：

BaseServer

classBaseServer:"""Base class for server classes.

Methods for the caller:

- __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)

- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)

- shutdown()

- handle_request() # if you do not use serve_forever()

- fileno() -> int # for select()

Methods that may be overridden:

- server_bind()

- server_activate()

- get_request() -> request, client_address

- handle_timeout()

- verify_request(request, client_address)

- server_close()

- process_request(request, client_address)

- shutdown_request(request)

- close_request(request)

- handle_error()

Methods for derived classes:

- finish_request(request, client_address)

Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or

instances:

- timeout

- address_family

- socket_type

- allow_reuse_address

Instance variables:

- RequestHandlerClass

- socket"""timeout=Nonedef __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass):"""Constructor. May be extended, do not override."""self.server_address=server_address

self.RequestHandlerClass=RequestHandlerClass

self.__is_shut_down =threading.Event()

self.__shutdown_request =Falsedefserver_activate(self):"""Called by constructor to activate the server.

May be overridden."""

pass

def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5):"""Handle one request at a time until shutdown.

Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores

self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in

another thread."""self.__is_shut_down.clear()try:while not self.__shutdown_request:#XXX: Consider using another file descriptor or

#connecting to the socket to wake this up instead of

#polling. Polling reduces our responsiveness to a

#shutdown request and wastes cpu at all other times.

r, w, e =_eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [],

poll_interval)if self inr:

self._handle_request_noblock()finally:

self.__shutdown_request =False

self.__is_shut_down.set()defshutdown(self):"""Stops the serve_forever loop.

Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while

serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will

deadlock."""self.__shutdown_request =True

self.__is_shut_down.wait()#The distinction between handling, getting, processing and

#finishing a request is fairly arbitrary. Remember:

# #- handle_request() is the top-level call. It calls

#select, get_request(), verify_request() and process_request()

#- get_request() is different for stream or datagram sockets

#- process_request() is the place that may fork a new process

#or create a new thread to finish the request

#- finish_request() instantiates the request handler class;

#this constructor will handle the request all by itself

defhandle_request(self):"""Handle one request, possibly blocking.

Respects self.timeout."""

#Support people who used socket.settimeout() to escape

#handle_request before self.timeout was available.

timeout =self.socket.gettimeout()if timeout isNone:

timeout=self.timeoutelif self.timeout is notNone:

timeout=min(timeout, self.timeout)

fd_sets=_eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [], timeout)if notfd_sets[0]:

self.handle_timeout()returnself._handle_request_noblock()def_handle_request_noblock(self):"""Handle one request, without blocking.

I assume that select.select has returned that the socket is

readable before this function was called, so there should be

no risk of blocking in get_request()."""

try:

request, client_address=self.get_request()exceptsocket.error:return

ifself.verify_request(request, client_address):try:

self.process_request(request, client_address)except:

self.handle_error(request, client_address)

self.shutdown_request(request)defhandle_timeout(self):"""Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout.

Overridden by ForkingMixIn."""

pass

defverify_request(self, request, client_address):"""Verify the request. May be overridden.

Return True if we should proceed with this request."""

returnTruedefprocess_request(self, request, client_address):"""Call finish_request.

Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn."""self.finish_request(request, client_address)

self.shutdown_request(request)defserver_close(self):"""Called to clean-up the server.

May be overridden."""

pass

deffinish_request(self, request, client_address):"""Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass."""self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self)defshutdown_request(self, request):"""Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""self.close_request(request)defclose_request(self, request):"""Called to clean up an individual request."""

pass

defhandle_error(self, request, client_address):"""Handle an error gracefully. May be overridden.

The default is to print a traceback and continue."""

print

'-' * 40

print

'Exception happened during processing of request from',printclient_addressimporttraceback

traceback.print_exc()#XXX But this goes to stderr!

print

'-' * 40

base server

TCPServer

classTCPServer(BaseServer):"""Base class for various socket-based server classes.

Defaults to synchronous IP stream (i.e., TCP).

Methods for the caller:

- __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)

- serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)

- shutdown()

- handle_request() # if you don't use serve_forever()

- fileno() -> int # for select()

Methods that may be overridden:

- server_bind()

- server_activate()

- get_request() -> request, client_address

- handle_timeout()

- verify_request(request, client_address)

- process_request(request, client_address)

- shutdown_request(request)

- close_request(request)

- handle_error()

Methods for derived classes:

- finish_request(request, client_address)

Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or

instances:

- timeout

- address_family

- socket_type

- request_queue_size (only for stream sockets)

- allow_reuse_address

Instance variables:

- server_address

- RequestHandlerClass

- socket"""address_family=socket.AF_INET

socket_type=socket.SOCK_STREAM

request_queue_size= 5allow_reuse_address=Falsedef __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True):"""Constructor. May be extended, do not override."""BaseServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass)

self.socket=socket.socket(self.address_family,

self.socket_type)ifbind_and_activate:try:

self.server_bind()

self.server_activate()except:

self.server_close()raise

defserver_bind(self):"""Called by constructor to bind the socket.

May be overridden."""

ifself.allow_reuse_address:

self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR,1)

self.socket.bind(self.server_address)

self.server_address=self.socket.getsockname()defserver_activate(self):"""Called by constructor to activate the server.

May be overridden."""self.socket.listen(self.request_queue_size)defserver_close(self):"""Called to clean-up the server.

May be overridden."""self.socket.close()deffileno(self):"""Return socket file number.

Interface required by select()."""

returnself.socket.fileno()defget_request(self):"""Get the request and client address from the socket.

May be overridden."""

returnself.socket.accept()defshutdown_request(self, request):"""Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""

try:#explicitly shutdown. socket.close() merely releases

#the socket and waits for GC to perform the actual close.

request.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)exceptsocket.error:pass #some platforms may raise ENOTCONN here

self.close_request(request)defclose_request(self, request):"""Called to clean up an individual request."""request.close()

TCP server

ThreadingMixIn

classThreadingMixIn:"""Mix-in class to handle each request in a new thread."""

#Decides how threads will act upon termination of the

#main process

daemon_threads =Falsedefprocess_request_thread(self, request, client_address):"""Same as in BaseServer but as a thread.

In addition, exception handling is done here."""

try:

self.finish_request(request, client_address)

self.shutdown_request(request)except:

self.handle_error(request, client_address)

self.shutdown_request(request)defprocess_request(self, request, client_address):"""Start a new thread to process the request."""t= threading.Thread(target=self.process_request_thread,

args=(request, client_address))

t.daemon=self.daemon_threads

t.start()

threading mix-in

ThreadingTCPServer

class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer): pass

threading TCP server

RequestHandler相关源码:

BaseRequestHandlerclassBaseRequestHandler:"""Base class for request handler classes.

This class is instantiated for each request to be handled. The

constructor sets the instance variables request, client_address

and server, and then calls the handle() method. To implement a

specific service, all you need to do is to derive a class which

defines a handle() method.

The handle() method can find the request as self.request, the

client address as self.client_address, and the server (in case it

needs access to per-server information) as self.server. Since a

separate instance is created for each request, the handle() method

can define arbitrary other instance variariables."""

def __init__(self, request, client_address, server):

self.request=request

self.client_address=client_address

self.server=server

self.setup()try:

self.handle()finally:

self.finish()defsetup(self):pass

defhandle(self):pass

deffinish(self):pass

request handler

SocketServer的ThreadingTCPServer之所以可以同时处理请求得益于 select 和 Threading 两个东西，其实本质上就是在服务器端为每一个客户端创建一个线程，当前线程用来处理对应客户端的请求，所以，可以支持同时n个客户端链接(长连接)。

socketserver 实例：

server side：

importsocketserverclassMyTCPHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):"""The request handler class for our server.

It is instantiated once per connection to the server, and must

override the handle() method to implement communication to the

client."""

defhandle(self):#self.request is the TCP socket connected to the client

self.data = self.request.recv(1024).strip()print("{} wrote:".format(self.client_address[0]))print(self.data)#just send back the same data, but upper-cased

self.request.sendall(self.data.upper())if __name__ == "__main__":

HOST, PORT= "localhost", 9999

#Create the server, binding to localhost on port 9999

server =socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler)#Activate the server; this will keep running until you

#interrupt the program with Ctrl-C

server.serve_forever()

server side

client side：

importsocketimportsys

HOST, PORT= "localhost", 9999data= " ".join(sys.argv[1:])#Create a socket (SOCK_STREAM means a TCP socket)

sock =socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)try:#Connect to server and send data

sock.connect((HOST, PORT))

sock.sendall(bytes(data+ "\n", "utf-8"))#Receive data from the server and shut down

received = str(sock.recv(1024), "utf-8")finally:

sock.close()print("Sent: {}".format(data))print("Received: {}".format(received))

client side