1、磁盘的格式化
1.1、查看当前文件目录
使用 df -h 命令来查看当前已经挂载的磁盘以及磁盘的信息:
root:~>df -h 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/sda3 259G 229G 30G 89% / devtmpfs 32G 0 32G 0% /dev tmpfs 32G 16M 32G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 32G 3.2G 29G 11% /run tmpfs 32G 0 32G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 497M 191M 306M 39% /boot tmpfs 6.3G 0 6.3G 0% /run/user/0 cm_processes 32G 2.7G 29G 9% /run/cloudera-scm-agent/process tmpfs 6.3G 12K 6.3G 1% /run/user/42
1.2、磁盘分区
- 查找已经安装并且未格式化的磁盘
- 使用命令 fdisk -l 列出所有的磁盘,使用命令的例子以及结果如下:
root:~>fdisk -l 磁盘 /dev/sda:299.4 GB, 299439751168 字节,584843264 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节 磁盘标签类型:dos 磁盘标识符:0x000de8f6 设备 Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1026048 42969087 20971520 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 42969088 584843263 270937088 83 Linux 磁盘 /dev/sdb:3000.0 GB, 3000034656256 字节,5859442688 个扇区 Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节 I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节 磁盘标签类型:gpt Disk identifier: 69D07AFC-584D-4926-81B8-8DEF8087445F
可以看出 /dev.sdb 还没有格式化以及挂载。
- 格式化磁盘
- 在 CentOS 7.0 以后 fdisk 也支持了大磁盘的格式话。本文章是再 CentOS 7.4 上进行的。
- 使用 fdisk /dev/sdb 根据帮助提示分区,这里是把 /dev/sdb 分成一个区.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0adfd119. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-6527, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-6527, default 6527): Using default value 6527 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 3000034656256 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x69D07AFC-584D-4926-81B8-8DEF8087445F Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 6527 5859442688 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
- 格式化磁盘
命令 mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 分区为 ext4 的文件系统格式。
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 3276800 inodes, 13107024 blocks 655351 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296 400 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 28 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
2、挂载磁盘
2.1、手动挂载
手动挂载每次重启都需要执行一次,比较麻烦:
手动挂载步骤:
- 准备挂载的目录:
- mkdir /home/data
- chmod 777 /home/data
- 使用 mount 命令挂载
- mount /dev/sdb1 /home/data
2.2、自动挂载
自动挂载不需要重启后在执行,推荐使用:
自动挂载的步骤为:
- 准备挂载的目录:
- mkdir /home/data
- chmod 777 /home/data
- 挂载步骤:
- fdisk -l
- 找到要挂载的磁盘(举例/dev/sdb)
- 查看磁盘文件
vim /ext/fstab # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 4 05:46:31 2017 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=619a7a33-84ff-4b7f-befd-c798c04f68a4 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
- 添加新挂载的硬盘
/dev/sdc /home/data ext4 defaults 0 0
参数说明:
- 第一列:实际的分区名,也可以是实际的分区的卷标;
- 第二列:挂载点,最好文件夹已存在并且权限为 777;
- 第三列:此分区文件系统类型;
- 第四列:挂载的选项,用于设置挂载的参数。
常见参数如下: + auto 系统自动挂载,默认选项; + defaults rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,ansyc; + noauto 开机不自动挂载; + nouser 只有超级用户可以挂载; + ro 按照只读权限挂载; + rw 按照可读可写权限挂载; + user 任何用户都可以挂载。
- 第五列:dump备份设置
- 1 允许 dump 备份程序备份;
- 0 忽略备份操作;
- 第六列:fsck 磁盘检查设置
- 0 永不检查
- 目录永远为 1
- 其他分区从 2 开始,数字越小越先检查。